Darth Chobits' AFP Materiel Technical Specifications List Version 2.102006 NOTE: All entries listed with a "###" in front of it are new additions or changes from the previous version of this list. To find these new or corrected items, simply load this file up in any word processor, then do a search for ### to find the new stuff. If you have any questions, corrections, or additions to make to this list, please feel free to email at kalasagnglahi@yahoo.com. The latest update to this list will always be posted in the #this# section of AFP Materiel Technical Specifications Archive (http://www.geocities.com/kalasagnglahi). Also feel free to use any of the info below for your own Web page, game, or other project. Enjoy! Notes: All classifications are purely unofficial and are based on an attempt to use standard classifications, they may or may not correspond to "official" designations. 1. Details of Armor are grouped under the following separate headings: VEHICLE TYPE, DESIGN NUMBER, DESIGNATION Type: This section contains the vehicle's specific functions Dimensions: length, width, and height) in meters Weight: in kilograms Engine: Sustained maximum horsepower, engine rpm and power-to-weight ratio is given where the information is available. Armor: front, side, and rear in millimeters and armor type is given where the information is available. Crew: vehicle personnel capacity Performance: This section contains operational details and some free text on the vehicle's standard performance without modifications (unless otherwise stated) which are laid out in a consistent order using the same sub-headings throughout the site. Maximum speed (maximum road speed, which may be lower in cross-country travel); Water speed (maximum water speed without special preparation or additional fording kits); Range (maximum range without refueling); Trench; Gradient (side slope given where the information is available). Weapon Systems: This section contains operational details and some free text on weapons and sensors which are laid out in a consistent order using the same sub-headings throughout the site. The titles are:- Gun(numbers or barrels are given and the rate of fire is 'per barrel' unless stated otherwise); Grenade Launchers; Recoilless Rifles; Maximum effective range; Rate of fire (sustained rate of fire is given, unless otherwise stated); Ammunition and ammunition type; Rangefinder (used for weapons' direction equipment. In most cases the performance specifications are those of the manufacturer and may therefore be considered to be at the top end of the spectrum of effective performance); Night Gun sight; Other defenses. So-called 'operational effectiveness' is difficult to define, depends upon many variables and in the context of range may considerably less than the theoretical maximum General Comments: A maximum of six-subheadings are used to sweep up the variety of additional information which is available but has no logical place in the other sections. These headings are: Programs; Structure; Modernization; Operational; Sales; and Opinion. The last of these allows the webmaster free rein for informed content. 2. Details of Artillery pieces are grouped under the following separate headings: PIECE TYPE, DESIGN NUMBER Type: This section contains the piece's specific function Caliber: in millimeters Dimensions: length, width, and height in meters Weight: in kilograms Crew: personnel needed to effectively man the piece Performance: This section contains operational details and some free text on the vehicle's standard performance without modifications (unless otherwise stated) which are laid out in a consistent order using the same sub-headings throughout the site. Range (maximum effective, in kilometers); Elevation (both depression and elevation); Traverse; Ammunition type; Rate of Fire (sustained in rpm) General Comments: A maximum of six-subheadings are used to sweep up the variety of additional information which is available but has no logical place in the other sections. These headings are: Programs; Structure; Modernization; Operational; Sales; and Opinion. The last of these allows the webmaster free rein for informed content. 3. Details of both Fixed-wing and Rotary-wing Aircraft are grouped under the following headings: AIRCRAFT TYPE, DESIGN NUMBER, DESIGNATION Type: This section contains the aircraft's specific functions Structure: The following sections contains specific information on the aircraft's basic structures under four sub-heading, Wings; Fuselage; Tail Unit and Landing Gear for Fixed-wing aircraft and five sub-heading, Rotor System; Rotor Drive; Fuselage; Tail Unit; Landing Gear for Rotary-wing aircraft. Accommodation: aircraft personnel capacity Powerplant: Sustained maximum horsepower, engine rpm, and fuel capacity is given where the information is available. Systems, Avionics and Equipment: List the standard systems avionics package and equipment of the aircraft and additional optional suites. Dimensions, internal and external, areas, weights and performance are manufacturer-specific and unmodified unless otherwise stated. Various model designations and specifications are delineated by brackets [] Weapons Systems: This section contains operational details and some free text on weapons and load limits which are laid out in a non-consistent order throughout the site. Basically divided into Weapon Systems (list all available weapon loads and combinations whenever the information is available); and AFP Weapon Systems (list available weapon systems used specifically by the PAF). 4. Details of major warships are grouped under the following six separate headings: Ship Class. Total vessels per class are listed as 'active + building + ordered (proposed) Ship Names Type: This section contains the ship's specific function Displacement, full load: in metric tons; throughout the life of a ship its displacement tends to creep upwards as additional equipment is added and redundant fixtures and fittings are left in place. For the same reasons, ships of the same class, active in different Navies, frequently have different displacements and other dissimilar characteristics. Dimensions: length, breadth, height; unless otherwise stated the lengths given are overall. Main Machinery: Sustained maximum horsepower is given where the information is available. Speed: in knots Range: in kilometers Complement: ship personnel capacity Weapon Systems: This section contains operational details and some free text on weapons and sensors which are laid out in a consistent order using the same sub-headings throughout the site. The titles are:- Missiles (sub-divided into SLBM, SSM, SAM, A/S); Guns (numbers or barrels are given and the rate of fire is 'per barrel' unless stated otherwise); Torpedoes; A/S Mortars; Depth Charges; Mines; Countermeasures; Combat Data systems; Fire control; Radars; Sonars. The Fire control heading is used for weapons' direction equipment. In most cases the performance specifications are those of the manufacturer and may therefore be considered to be at the top end of the spectrum of effective performance. So-called 'operational effectiveness' is difficult to define, depends upon many variables and in the context of range may considerably less than the theoretical maximum. Radars: This section contains the Surface Search, and Navigation radars and Sonar if available. Builders/Year: This includes builders' name and key dates. In general the 'laid down' column reflects the keel laying but modern shipbuilding techniques are making it increasingly difficult to be specific about the start date of actual construction. General Comments: A maximum of six-subheadings are used to sweep up the variety of additional information which is available but has no logical place in the other sections. These headings are: Programs; Structure; Modernization; Operational; Sales; and Opinion. The last of these allows the webmaster free rein for informed content. Hull related details such as Military Lift and Cargo Capacity may be included when appropriate. Aircraft. Only the types and numbers are included in here. 5. Details of Indigenous prototypes/projects are grouped under headings appropriate for the vessel type. 6. Minor or less important entries follow the same format except that there is often much less detail in the first four headings and all additional remarks are put together under the single heading of Program. The distinction between major and minor depends upon the editorial judgment and is primarily a function of firepower. The age of the vessel or class and its relative importance within the AFP are also taken into account. If you cannot find any of your favorite vessel or vehicle, look at the deletions list first. Deletions, decommissioned units are no longer listed in the regular table of equipments. 7. Materiel companies and weapons manufacturers frequently change their names by merger or takeover. As far as possible the inputted name shows the title when the vessel was completed or weapon system installed. It is therefore historically accurate. When a company builds a speculative or demonstrator vessel, it is usually mentioned with a note. Full details are only given if the vessel is commissioned in the AFP. 8. Vessels of Marines, Armed Police, Coast Guard, Customs are included if they have a military function. 9. When selecting photographs for inclusion, priority is given to those that have been taken most recently. Most of the photos are sourced from canon sources across the net. 10. Additional information and abbreviations used on this site can be found here in the glossary section. ========================================================================================== Glossary of terms used in this report ========================================================================================== '; ft: foot (3.28' = 1 m) "; in: inch (1" = 2.54 cm) A/S, ASW: Anti-submarine AA: Anti-aircraft; Air-to-air AAA: Anti-aircraft artillery AAR: Air-to-Air Refueling AAW: Anti-air Warfare AB: Airbase AC: Cargo ship; Aircraft ACM: Air combat maneuvers ACMI: Air Combat Maneuvring Instrumentation ACV: Armored Combat Vehicle AD: Air defense; Auxiliary repair ship (Navy) ADF: Automatic direction finding; Air Defense Force AEW: Airborne Early Warning AF: Auxiliary tender; Air Force AFP: Armed Forces of the Philippines AGL: Automatic grenade launcher AGM: Air-to-Ground Missile AHRS: Attitude and heading reference system AIM: Air Interception Missile AIP: Air independent propulsion AoA: Angle of Attack AP: Armor piercing APC: Armored personnel carrier API: Armor piercing incendiary Arty: Artillery ARV: Armored recovery vehicle ASM: Air-to-surface Missile AT: Auxiliary tanker ATC: Air traffic control ATK: Anti-tank aux: auxiliary BAe: British Aerospace BAE: BAE Systems (after merger of BAe-GEC) Bde: Brigade BRP: Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas (also RPS, Republic of the Philippines Ship) BTHP: Boat Tail Hollow Point BVR: Beyond visual range C2: Command and control C4I: Command, control, communication, computer and intelligence C4ISR: Command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance Cal: Caliber - the diameter of a gun barrel; also used for measuring the length of the barrel eg. a 6 in gun 50 calibers long (6 in/50) would be 25 feet long. camo: Camouflage CAP: Combat Air Patrol CAS: Close air support CBU: Cluster bomb unit CIWS: Close in weapon system cm: centimeter (2.54 cm = 1") Cmdr: Commander CO: Commanding Officer Co, coy: Company coax: coaxial COIN: Counter insurgency COMR: Civil Owned Military Registered cp: Controllable pitch (propellers) CSAR: Combat Search And Rescue CTOL: Conventional Take Off and Landing CY: Circular Year DACT: Dissimilar Air Combat Training DC: Depth charge DCT: Depth charge thrower DDG: Guided missile destroyer DE: Destroyer escort Div: Division DP: Dual purpose (gun) for surface or AA use Displacement: Basically the weight of water displaced by a ship's hull when floating. a.) Light - without fuel, water and ammunition; b.) Standard - as defined by Washington Naval Conference 1922 - fully manned and stored but without fuel or reserve feed-water; c.) Full load - fully laden with all stores, ammunition, fuel and water. Drv: Driver dwt: deadweight tonnage excl: excluding ECM: Electronic counter-measures ECCM: Electronic counter-counter-measures ECR: Electronic Combat and Reconnaissance EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone eg: for example ELINT: Electronic intelligence eg recording radar ESM: electronic support measures eg intercept EU: European Union EW: Electronic warfare EWS: Enclosed weapon system (turret) FA: Field artillery FAA: Federal Aviation Administration FAC: Fast attack craft (navy); Forward air control (Airforce) fby: fly by wire FFG: Guided missile frigate FPB: Fast patrol boat FFAR: Folding Fin aerial rocket FLIR: Forward looking infra-red FMC: Food Machineries Corporation FMS: Foreign Military Sales FOD: Foreign Object Damage FS: Fighter Squadron FSRR: First Scout Ranger Regiment FSV: Fire support vehicle ft/min; fpm: feet per minute Ftr: Fighter FY: Fiscal Year (US) GBU: Guided Bomb Unit GCI: Ground Controlled Intercept GE: General Electric GFCS: Gun fire control system GM: General Motors GmbH: Gewerbe-Anmeldung (German equivalent of Ltd) Gnr: Gunner GPS: Global Positioning system grt: gross registered tonnage GT: Geared turbine GWS: Guided weapon system HAS: Hardened Aircraft Shelter HAWK: Homing All the Way Killer (SAM) HE: high explosive HEAT: high explosive anti-tank HEAP: high explosive armor-piercing Hedgehog: Spigot mortar for firing A/S bombs Helo: Helicopters HESH: High explosive squash head HIGE: Hover in ground effect hi-res: high resolution HF: High frequency HMD: Helmet Mounted Display HMG: Heavy machine-gun HMS: Helmet Mounted Sight; Her Majesty's Ship HOGE: Hover over ground effect HOTAS: Hands On Throttle And Stick hp, Horsepower: Power developed or applied. a.) bhp - power available at the crankshaft; b. shp - power delivered to the propeller shaft; c.) ihp - indicated horsepower = power produced by expansion of gases in the cylinders of reciprocating steam engines; d.) 1 kW = 1.341 hp = 1.36 metric hp; 1 hp = 0.746 kW = 1.014 metric hp; 1 metric hp = .0735 kW = 0.968 hp. hrs: hours HSI: Horizontal situation indicator HQ: Head Quarters HUD: Head-Up Display HUDWAC: Head-Up Display with weapons aiming computer IAI: Israel Aircraft Industries IAS: Indicated airspeed ID: Infantry Division IFF: Identification friend/foe IFR: In-Flight Refuelling IFV: Infantry fighting vehicle ILS: Instrument landing system incl: including Inf: Infantry INS: Inertial Navigation System IPV: Inshore patrol vessel IR: Infra-Red (heat seeking) IRST: Infra-Red Search and Track ISR: Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance JDWN: Jane's Defence Weekly News (magazine) kg: kilogram (1 kg = 2.2 lbs) kph, km/h: kilometers per hour kT: Kiloton KTAS: Knots True Air Speed kN: kilo Newton knts; kts: knots kW: Kilowatt LAB; LABde: Light Armor Battalion LANTIRN: Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red, Night LASTE: Low Altitude Safety and Targeting Enhancement LAV: Light armored vehicle lbs: pounds LCD: Liquid Crystal Display LCM: Landing craft, mechanized LCU: Landing craft, utility LCVP/LCP: Landing craft, vehicle/personnel Length between: expressed in various ways. a.) oa: overall = length between extremities; b.) pp: perpendiculars waterline = between fore side of the stem and after side of the rudderpost; c.) wl: = nm = between extremities on the water-line; d.) 1 ft = 12 "; 1 m = 3.28 ft; 1 km = 1000 m; 1 1.606 km LERX: Leading-Edge Root Extensions LF: Low frequency LIFT: Lead-in Fighter Trainer LMG: Light machine-gun, also called GPMG, General purpose machine-gun LOA: Letter of Offer and Acceptance LRIP: Low Rate Initial Production LRMP: Long range maritime patrol LRMTS: Laser Marked Target Seeker LSM: Landing ship, medium LSV: Logistics Support vehicle LST: Landing Ship, Tank m: meter (1 m = 3.28') = 1.093 yd) m/min: meters per minute Mach: speed of sound (Mach 1 = 1,088 ft/sec at 32°C S/L = 340 m/sec = 1,116 fps) MAD: Magnetic anomaly detector - for A/S detection identifying a steel body in the Earth's magnetic field. MAP: US Military Assistance Program max: maximum MB: Mercedes Benz; Muzzle boat (Navy); Manila Bulletin MBB: Messerschimt Bolkov-Blohm MBLT: Marine Battalion Landing Team MBT: Main battle tank MCMV: Mine counter measure vessel MDF: Maritime Defense force Measurement: see Tonnage MEADS: Medium Extended Air Defense System MF: Medium frequency MFCS: Missile Fire control system MFD: Multi Function Display MG: Machine-gun mi: mile (1 mi = 1,760 yd = 5,230' = 1.609 km) MiG: Military Intelligence Group min: minutes MLU: Mid-Life Update mm: millimeter MMA: Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft MOU: Memorandum of Understanding MPA: Maritime Patrol Aircraft mph: miles per hour MSC: Coastal minesweeper MSF: Minesweeper frigate MSH: Mine hunter MSSR: Marine Scout Sniper Rifle MSTS: Military Sea Transportation Service MTOW: Maximum Take-Off Weight mW: Megawatt NAG: Naval Air Group NAS: Navy Air Station NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC: Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (warfare) net: Net registered tonnage NFWS: Night Fighting Weapons System nm: nautical mile (1 nm = 1.85 km) NTDS: Naval Tactical Defense system NVG: Night Vision Goggles oa: Overall length OPV: Offshore Patrol Vessel OTC: Officer in Tactical command PA: Philippine Army PADC: Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation PAF: Philippine Airforce PALAB: Philippine Army Light Armored Brigade PCG: Philippine Coast Guard PCE: Patrol Craft Escort PCER: Patrol Craft Escort/Escort Rescue PCF: Patrol Craft, fast PDI: Philippine Daily Inquirer (local broadsheet) PDMS: Point defense missile system PF: DE (radar picket) PG/AU: Patrol gunboat PKM: Patrol Killer, medium PMC: Philippine Marine Corps PN: Philippine Navy PNAG Philippine Navy Air Group PNP: Philippine National Police PS: Patrol ship; Philippine Star (local broadsheet) PSG: Presidential Security Group psi: Pounds per square inch PUFFS: Passive underwater fire control system PWS: Pressurized water reactor QRA: Quick Reaction Alert RAM: Radar absorbent material RAS: Replenishment at sea RBU: A/S rocket launcher RCS: Radar Cross Section Recce: reconnaissance RHIB: Rigid-hull inflatable boat Ro-flow: A ship able to embark smaller craft in a dock Ro-ro: Roll on/roll off ROV: Remotely operated vehicle rpm: revolutions per minute (engines, propellers, radar, aerials etc); rounds per minute (guns) RR/rr: Roll Royce; recoilless rifle RUC: Riverine utility craft RWR: Radar Warning Receiver s: seconds S/L: Sea level SAF: Special Action Force SAM: Surface-to-Air Missile SAR: Search and Rescue SARH: Semi Active Radar Homing SATCOM: Satellite Communications SES: Surface effect ship SHF: Super High frequency SIGINT: Signal Intelligence SINS: Ship's inertial navigation system SLCM: Submarine launched cruise missile SLEP: Service life extension Program SND: Secretary of National Defense SOT: Special Operations Team sqn: Squadron SRAM: Short-Range Attack Missile SRBOC: Super rapid blooming offboard chaff SS: Attack submarine SSAN: Auxiliary nuclear-powered submarine SSBN: Nuclear-powered ballistic submarine SSDE: Submerged signal and decoy ejector SSG: Guided missile submarine SSGN: Nuclear-powered guided missile submarine SSM: Surface to Surface Missile SSN: Nuclear-powered attack submarine STIR: Surveillance Target indicator radar STOL: Short take off/landing STOVL: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing Subroc/Asroc: Rocket assisted torpedo part of whose range is in the air SWATS: Small underwater tactical submarine SURTASS: Surface towed array surveillance system SUWN-1: Surface-to-underwater missile launcher SWATH: Small waterplane area twin hull SY: Shipyard T: metric ton (1 T = 1,000 kg) T/O, T-O: take-off TACAN: Tactical air navigation TACTASS: Tactical towed array acoustic sensor system TAS: Target acquisition system TASS: Towed array surveillance system TFR: Terrain Following Radar TK: Supply ship Tonnage: Measurement tons, computed on capacity of a ship's hull rather than it's displacement. a.) Gross: the internal volume of all spaces within the hull and all permanent enclosed spaces above decks that are available for cargo, stores and accommodation. The result in cubic feet divided by 100 = gross tonnage; b.) Net: gross minus all those spaces for machinery, accommodation etc (non-earning spaces); c.) Deadweight: the amount of cargo, bunkers, stores etc that a ship can carry at her load draft. TTT: Tactical Troop Transport TOW: Tube-launched optically tracked, wire-guided (anti-tank missile) TP/AT: Presidential yatch Trng: Training Transp: Transport TVC: Thrust Vector Control UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle UCAV: Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle UHF: Ultra high frequency UK: United Kingdom UN: United Nations USAF: United States Air Force USN: United States Navy USCG: United States Coast Guard USMC: United States Marine Corps VDS: Variable depth sonar, which is lowered to best listening depth. Known as dunking sonar in helicopters. Vertrep: Vertical replenishment VLF: Very low frequency VLS: Vertical launch system VOR: VHF omni-directional radio range VSTOL: Vertical or short take-off/landing VTOL: Vertical take-off/landing WIG: Wire-in-ground effect wl: waterline length WMD: Weapons of Mass Destruction wp: white phosphorous WSO: Weapons Station Officer; Weapons Systems Operator WVR: Within Visual Range yd: yard (1 yd = 3') YD: Large floating dry-dock ========================================================================================== Armed Forces of the Philippines (Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas) ========================================================================================== Military branches: Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, Paramilitary units (CAFGU) Military manpower, military age: 20 years of age (2003 est.) Military manpower, availability: males age 18-49: 20,131,179/ females age 18-49: 20,009,526 (2005 est.) Military manpower, fit for military service: males age 18-49: 15,170,096/ females age 18-49: 16,931,191 (2005 est.) Military manpower, reaching military age annually: males age 18-49: 907,542/ females age 18-49: 878,712 (2005 est.) Military expenditures, dollar figure: $49.66-M (FY '88); $995-M (FY '98); $836.9 million (2005 est.) Military expenditures, percent of GDP: 1.3% (FY '88); 1.5% (FY '98); 0.9% (FY 2005 est.) Military Headquarters: General HQ (GHQ), Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City Military Service: Voluntary Personnel Strength: 120,000 regular personnel (2006) Mission The AFP is responsible for upholding the sovereignty, supporting the Constitution, and defending the territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies foreign and domestic; advancing the national aims, interest and policies; and planning the organization, maintenance, development, and deployment of its regular and citizen armed force for National Security. The Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP), under the authority and direction of the Secretary of National Defense (SND) and the President, is responsible for the execution of National Defense Programs and armed forces missions; and prescribe the organization, powers, duties, and functions of the various AFP staffs, services and offices in accordance with the policies of the SND. Functions 1. To secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory. 2. Protect the country from foreign aggression and internal subversion. 3. To advance the national aims and interest. 4. To perform such duties as the President may direct. Organization The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) is composed the three major services, namely the Philippine Navy (PN), Philippine Army (PA) and the Philippine Air Force (PAF). The organization is loosely based on the structure of the United States military, which it was patterned after during the Commonwealth era. Considered as one of the most battle-hardened, professional armies in the world due to their long exposure to left-wing Communist insurgency, various Muslim separatist groups, various extreme right-wing groups and various international campaigns in support of democracy. The AFP also engage in nonmilitary activities, such as providing disaster relief, constructing civilian housing, and participating in literacy campaigns. Its foundation day is celebrated every December 21st. The National Defense College of the Philippines (NDC) and Philippine Military Academy (PMA) are the principal defense training institutions. Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP) Vice-Chief of Staff, AFP (VCSAFP) The Deputy Chiefs of Staff (TDCS) AFP Command Center (AFPCC) Secretary of the Joint Staff (SJS) Personal Staff Office of the Inspector General (OTIG) Office of Ethical Standards and Public Accountability (OESPA) AFP Sergeant Major (AFPSM) Liaison Office for Legislative Affairs (LOLA) Public Information Office (PIO) Office of Strategic Studies (OSS) Coordinating Staff (Deputy Chiefs of Staff) Personnel (J1) Intelligence (J2) Operations, Civil Military Operations, Training and Education (J3) Logistics (J4) Plans and Programs (J5) Communication-Electronics and Information Systems Service (J6) Reservist and Retirees Affairs (J7) Special Staff Office of the Adjutant General (OTAG) Office of the Judge Advocate General (OTJAG) Office of the Provost Marshal General (OTPMG) Office of the Chief, Chaplain Service (OTCCS) Office of the Chief of Engineers (OTCE) Office of the Chief of Ordnance and Chemical Services (OTCOCS) Office of the Quartermaster General (OTQMG) Office of the Chief Nurse (OTCN) Office of the Surgeon General (OTSG) Office of the Chief, Dental Services (OTCDS) Office for Special Services (OSPS) AFP Real Estate Office (AFPREO) AFP Educational Benefit System Office (AFPEBSO) AFP Modernization Program Management AFP Wide Service, Support Units (AFPWSSU) General Headquarters (GHQ) and Headquarters Service Command (HSC) Presidential Security Group (PSG, formerly Presidential Security Command PSC) Malacanang Park, Manila Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Fort del Pilar, Baguio City AFP Command and General Staff College (AFPCGSC, formerly AFP Joint Command and Staff College, AFPJCSC) AFP Logistics Center (LOGCTR, formerly Logistics Command, LOGCOM)) Communications, Electronics and Information Systems Service, AFP (CEISSAFP, formerly Communications and Electronics Group COMMEL) AFP Medical Center (AFPMC) V. Luna Road, Quezon City, Metro Manila AFP Commissary and Exchange Service (AFPCCS) Civil Relations Service (CRS) AFP Dental Service Command (AFPDSC) AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City Joint Special Operations Group (JSOG) Intelligence Service, AFP (ISAFP) includes Military Intelligence Groups (MIGs): MIG-3 MIG-7 (Camp Lapu-Lapu, Lahug, Cebu City?) MIG-9 SOUTHCOM MIG-11 Panacan, Davao City MIG-12 Tubod, Iligan City MIG-14 WESCOM Complex, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan MIG-15 MIG-16 Area Commands Northern Luzon Command (NOLCOM), Camp General Sevillano Aquino, San Miguel, Tarlac City, Tarlac AOR: Northern and Central Luzon (Cagayan, Central Luzon, Cordillera, Ilocos regions) Southern Luzon Command (SOLCOM), Camp Guillermo Nakar, Lucena City, Quezon AOR: Southern Luzon (Bicol, Southern Tagalog regions) Western Command (WESCOM), Camp General Artemio Ricarte, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan AOR: Palawan and Kalayaan Island Group Central Command (CENTCOM), Camp Lapu-Lapu, Lahug, Cebu City, Cebu AOR: Eastern, Central and Western Visayas Eastern Mindanao Command, Camp Panacan, Davao City AOR: Eastern Mindanao Western Mindanao Command, Camp Don Basilio Navarro, Lower Calarian, Zamboanga City AOR: Western Mindanao Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Unified Command (ARMMUC) AOR: ARMM territories Brief History The AFP traces its beginnings to the valiant acts of Lapu-Lapu and his men in 1521 when they courageously faced foreign invaders in defense of our country. That single act set the theme that the AFP has lived up until the present. The Quirauat of Zambales in northwestern Luzon, whose people waged a full-scale war against Spain from 1573 to 1673 until the finally conceded freedom of choice of land and religion, the Igorot resistance in the north and the Muslim's unabated defiance of Spanish offensives in the South, our forebears have shown that freedom was a cause worth dying for. When the Spaniards came, the rise of Filipino Resistance Armies was seen and the National Citizen's Army was founded in February 2, 1899 under the Malolos Philippine Republic. Notwithstanding the lack of arms and ammunition, the newly born army rose to expectations and proved itself a major force to reckon with. On December 10, 1898, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, ceding the country to the United States of America (USA), signaled the outbreak of the Fil-American war on February 4, 1899. Filipino nationalism and fervor were evident in several instances at this period in history, with the Battle of Zapote bridge on June 11, 1899. In this battle our brave forefathers ably defended their positions against the well-equipped American cavalries. When President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in Isabela on April 19, 1901, it marked the end of organized resistance to American colonial rule. Imperial Japan was another colonizer who appeared in our history in the 1930's. They began their drive for territorial expansion which included the Philippines. In keeping with the provisions of the Philippine constitution that made the defense of the state a prime duty of government, President Manuel Quezon, at the very outset of the fledging Philippine Commonwealth government took the necessary steps to ensure national security. It was during this period that the Commonwealth passed Commonwealth Act number 1, the National Defense act on December 21, 1935 which established the Philippine Army with regular and reserve forces. Through his personal intervention, President Quezon succeeded in having Gen. Douglas MacArthur obtain permission from the US war department to release him for service with the then recently created Philippine Army, where he was given the rank of Field Marshall. It also detailed Lt. Col. Dwight Eisenhower, Lt. Col. Ord and Capt. Davis, who will work out with Gen. MacArthur, a plan for the defense of the Philippines. The defense plan elaborated by Gen. MacArthur and his group envisioned an annual draft of able-bodied, twenty-year old Filipino males up to 40,000 in number. They were to undergo intensive army training for five and a half months. ROTC courses were introduced in colleges and universities. Basically, the defense system was patterned after the Swiss Citizen Army conscript concept that by independence in 1946, 400,000 citizen army along with 250 planes of the Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC) and 50 Motor Torpedo Boats (MTB) of the sea going Off-Shore-Patrol (OSP) would be acquired, with the country divided into 10 military areas with various training cadres, each area to producing 4,000 trained men per year. The Philippine Military Academy was also established to replace the Philippine Constabulary Academy, to produce officers for the Army. War plans provided for a strategic delaying action and withdrawal for a concentrated stand in the Bataan peninsula in the case the Japanese advance could not be contained. On the morning of December 9, 1941, Japanese bombers struck Camp John Hay in Bagiuo and in Tugegarao, Cagayan. War Plan-Orange was immediately put into effect. Filipino and American soldiers fought bravely to contain the advancing Imperial Army, but severe shortage of supplies and equipment as the protracted battle dragged on tolled heavily against Bataan and Corregidor's gallant defenders. The combined forces' valiant stand was not in vain for it made a major impact in Japan's overall strategic war plan which was heavily delayed to the extent that the United States military rapidly replenished its war capability and begin its counter offensive against the invading Imperial armed forces. On December 23, 1950, President Elpidio Quirino issued Executive Order 389 designating four major armed force area commands (MAC) of the AFP - the Philippine Army for land, the Philippine Air Force for air, the Philippine Navy for sea, and the Philippine Constabulary for internal security, each with a commanding officer whose rank is at least that of Brigadier General or, in the Navy, a Commodore. This force is backed up by a large reserve force and paramilitary forces. Presiding over the MACs is the GHQ, AFP under the Chief of Staff, who reports to the president, the Commander-in-chief, AFP. When the 90,000 strong, USSR-assisted North Korean forces invaded the South Korean republic in June 25, 1950, the Philippines readily volunteered a battalion, the 10th Battalion Combat (MTZ) team, to help augment the South Korean forces against the invaders. The Filipino contingent sent 17 Sherman tanks and 1 tank destroyer and braved the alien weather and the materially and numerically superior enemy force. The 10th Battalion Combat Team (BCT), Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (PEFTOK) arrived in Korea in September 15, 1950, with the mission to search and destroy North Korean guerrillas operating behind enemy lines. They were dispatched to the frontlines, during the Chinese communist intervention and were sent to the central front, where it fought its bloodiest assignment - the Battle of Yultong. They were soon followed by the 20th arriving on September 1951, the 19th arriving on April 1952, the 14th arriving on March 26, 1953, and finally the 2nd BCT, which has elicited numerous praises and commendations from the United Nations for their courageous feats in battle, particularly the imposing stand of the 10th BCT during the Chinese communist spring counter-offensive in April 1951. In 1963, the Philippines sent another contingent to assist South Vietnam against the Chinese-supported North Vietnam in 1963. The Philippines sent the Philippine Civic Action Group to Vietnam (PHILCAGV). Regardless of combat casualties, the volunteers built roads, bridges and various other infrastructures. In the 70's internal threat to the security of the nation was posed by various communist movements led by its armed wing, the New People's Army and its political wing the National Democratic Front (NDF), waging battle against the AFP in urban and rural areas, largely through terrorism. In the south, the secessionists Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) waged guerrilla warfare against the AFP to fulfill their objective of a separate Muslim Mindanao state. The communist insurgency has taken it toll on the AFP, reaching its height in the 80's with a strength of 20,000 cadres, severely straining its logistical capabilities and making the AFP focus on internal security instead. The AFP has also to contend with right-wing elements, RAM-SFP-YOU, coming from disgruntled members within the body, which staged a series of bloody coup d'etats in the late 80's. In the 90's the MNLF signed a treaty with the government for lasting peace in Mindanao, with some of its regulars being absorbed by the AFP. The MILF is still under negotiations with the government, after bloody encounters in 2000-01, where their major base Camp Abu Bakr was overrun by elements of the AFP. The AFP also faced several bandit groups, the most notorious of these were the Red Scorpion Group and the Abu Sayyaf group, which are effectively neutralized as of today. In 1991 the Philippine National Police (PNP) was created in place of the defunct Philippine Constabulary-Integrated National Police (PC-INP), as the national police arm of the government and was separated from the AFP command and is under the control of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). The AFP recently sent contingents to Iraq (PUNGCI), East Timor (UNTAET PKF) and Liberia, all under the auspices of the United Nations for humanitarian relief and peacekeeping duties. The AFP's main focus nowadays is to finish off the 37 year old insurgency of the CPP-NPA, which left the negotiations after being tagged by the US and the EU as terrorists, and more recently intrusions into the country's 200 mile EEZ, particularly in the Kalayaan Island group (KIG), where there were minor skirmishes with elements of the People's Republic of China armed forces. In February 23, 1995, Republic Act 7898 was approved authorizing the AFP to modernize and upgrade its ageing equipment in response to external threats, with an annual budget of P10-B for the first five years, though as of 2005 a total of only P5-B was allocated by Congress. In 2005, the Medium Term Capability Upgrade Program (Mid-term CUP) was conceived as a six year program. Its aim is to restore at least 70% of the critical capabilities of the AFP which are needed in conducting ISO. These capabilities pertain to (1) command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), (2) mobility, and (3) firepower. For a period of six years, will focus on retraining and retrofitting 12 Army battalions and 2 Marine battalions, a total of 84 infantry and Marine battalions will be equipped and trained, which means providing them equipment for C4ISR, mobility, firepower and combat support. In addition a national training center will be established to provide for the training needs and requirements associated with this program. Internal Security Concerns (2004) Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Units (CAFGU) CAFGU continued to provide critical operation support to free the regular AFP battalions for offensive operations. Maintained strength of 52,066 deployed in 13,399 barangays or 25.7% of the total barangays nationwide. They participated in 31,393 small unit operations and contributed to the successful neutralization of 75 enemies and the recovery of 43 high powered firearms in 2004. MNLF Integration Program The AFP integrated 5,570 Officers and Enlisted Personnel (EP). The MNLF integrees have been assigned as regular and organic personnel of the 1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 6th Infantry Division, 53rd and 54th Engineer Brigade, all in Mindanao. Eighty five MNLF officer integrees were granted scholarships through CHED. Nine hundred forty nine EP integrees accorded education accreditation by DECS for a 5-year period. Indigenous People (IP) Three hundred twenty five slots for enlistment in the Army allocated to Higaonon, Manobo, and B'laan, DBabawon - Mandaya tribes in Mindanao. They have been processed for training. Philippine Defense Reform Program The Philippine Department of National Defense and the AFP are currently undertaking comprehensive, integrated and long-term efforts to further boost the capability of the Philippines military to respond and address the multi-front fight against various security threats, particularly terrorism and insurgency. This initiative is under the rubric of the Philippine Defense Reform Program (PDR), which has been ongoing since 2003. The PDR has eight (8) component thrusts: 1. Implementation Of A Strategy-Driven, Multi-Year Defense Planning System (MYDPS) A planning, programming and budgeting system that will undertake multi year defense planning will enhance defense resource management in the DND and the AFP. It will enforce fiscal responsibility by enabling the DND and the AFP to outline specific strategies, define objectives, identify needed capabilities and resources to be provided under anticipated financial limits. 2. Improvement Of Operational And Training Capacity Improvement of operational and training capacity of the AFP enjoys a high priority in the comprehensive reform agenda for the AFP under the PDR. The backlog of training for the AFP will be addressed focusing on training for commanders, non-commissioned officers and units. Emphasis will also be given to the development of doctrines, training and operations of joint forces that involve the utilization of land, maritime and air forces under a unified command. 3. Improvement Of Logistics Capacity The lack of needed logistics in the frontlines has been used as an excuse for the practice referred to in the Feliciano Commission report as 'conversion' evidently, there is a need to improve the logistics capacity of the AFP to address this. Improvement of logistics capacity involves the enhancement of operational readiness and reliability rates for all platforms and weapons systems as well as the logistics efficiency of key AFP systems. This will entail improvements in planned maintenance and maintenance procedures, supply chain management, automated supply management system, inventory controls and logistics training. 4. Improving Operational Level Expertise By Addressing Organizational, Management And Operational Systemic Deficiencies (Staff Development) The staff development program of the DND and AFP shall include the development of expertise and management skills in the DND and AFP in critical areas or functions that directly impact on the AFP's capability to plan, support and execute effective operations. 5. Improvement Of Personnel Management Systems Improvement of personnel management systems in the DND and AFP shall include: (a) review and evaluation of personnel policies and personnel management systems; (b) realignment of AFP force structure to address strategy, threat and mission; (c) reduction of personnel costs; and (d) automation of the personnel management information systems. 6. Planning, Programming And Execution Of A Multi-Year Capability Upgrade Program For The AFP As previously discussed, for the mid-term, the 6-year AFP capability upgrade program for the AFP will focus on the basic requirements of the AFP to improve its capabilities in fulfilling its missions in pursuit of its internal security operations. 7. Optimizing The Defense Budget And Improving Management Controls This will feature needed improvements in the generation of requirements for planning, budgeting for the DND and AFP as well as the creation of structures and systems for oversight within the DND and the AFP major services to manage resources and requirements from planning to execution. 8. Creating A Professional Acquisition Workforce And Establishing A Centrally Managed Defense Acquisition System A defense acquisition system will be established in the DND and the AFP manned by a competent and professional acquisition workforce capable of requirements generation, planning, accountability, reporting and acquisition. The defense acquisition system will be capable of evolving effective acquisition strategies, and policies as well as efficient processes and organizations. In preparation for the transition, the DND and AFP shall establish mechanisms and structures that will serve as precursors for the establishment of a defense acquisition system. 9. Increasing Capability Of The AFP To Conduct Civil Military Operations To diminish the underlying socio-economic conditions and spur development in the countryside, the DND and AFP shall support efforts of the government that will facilitate the entry of economic enterprises in conflict areas. The DND and AFP will also encourage government departments and agencies to identify and intensify particular programs and action plans that support the counter-insurgency campaign funded under their corresponding budgets. The DND will also support the enhancement of convergence of government efforts at addressing the root causes of the insurgency. 10. Information Management Development Program Information management shall support and enhance the decision-making system of the DND and AFP through management of information, information systems and technologies. It aims to establish an enterprise information system that efficiently facilitates the flow of information and knowledge, and that enhances information-sharing while assuring security and relevance, in order to ensure right decisions. Two important steps in this undertaking will be establishing an effective strategic framework; and, assuring that information being used is interoperable, interrelated, timely, available, secure, and that operations, systems and technology are addressed and conform to the existing standards. The overall direction of the PDR is to enhance DND and AFP capabilities from a strategic and comprehensive perspective. The PDR will provide institutional, structural and systemic reforms that will address the current deficiencies in the DND and the AFP that breed corruption, waste and inefficiency. These reforms are based on templates for defense reform that have been tried and tested in several countries that have undertaken similar reform measures in the past. AFP Modernization Introduction Republic Act 7898 otherwise known as the AFP Modernization Act was enacted on February 23, 1995 and signed into law by the President on June 14, 1995. The law provides for the modernization of the AFP to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate of defending the sovereignty of the state and protecting and preserving the patrimony of the Republic. As a sign of support to the program, the two houses of Congress passed a Joint Resolution Number 28 on December 19, 1996, contained therein the list of equipment that the Armed Forces is intending to acquire with its necessary budget requirement. JR 28 also mandated the AFP to be reconfigured into a compact, efficient, responsive and modern standing force that can meet external defense requirements, support internal security operations, respond to crises and particpate in nation-building. The AFP Modernization Program was based on the assumptions that the domestic peace and order will continue to improve and that internal security will become a primary responsibility of the Philippine National Police. Likewise, it was based on an optimistic forecast that the Philippine economy will continue to perk up which will enable the national government to support the necessary fund requirements. The modernization program is composed of five interrelated components. These are the Force Restructuring and Organizational Development (FROD); Capability, Materiel and Technology Development (CMTD); Bases and Support Systems Development (BSSD); Human Resource Development (HRD) and Doctrines Development (DD). Its identified funding sources are the appropriations from the national government; proceeds from sale or lease of military bases; sales from Government Arsenal; proceeds from the disposal of old and uneconomical equipment; and interest earned from the AFPMP Trust Fund. Priority Shift The implementation of the AFP modernization Program (AFPMP) for the first five years (1997-2001) was a period of establishing the appropriate mechanisms and systems needed for the seamless executions of the different modernization projects. The upsurge of insurgent activities in the late 1990's and the enactment of the Republic Act 8551 otherwise known as the PNP Reform Law facilitated the transfer of primary responsibility on Internal Security Operations (ISO) from the PNP back to the AFP. With these developments, the AFP has to reexamine the program, particularly the CMTD component and reprioritize the projects involved. Equipment foreseen as essential in the conduct of Internal Security Operations were frontloaded and the planners came up with the reprioritized project list - a list of equipment scheduled for acquisition. Foremost of which is the acquisition of tactical communication equipment to address the need of secure radio communications from the battalion down to the squad level. Our armor assets are also considerably enhanced with the acquisition of the Armor Recovery Vehicle and the programmed upgrade of M-113 APCs. To provide for additional firepower for the squad, acquisition of the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) is also among the priority. The development of the night fighting capability of our troops was also given primary attention with the programmed procurement of night fighting equipment comprised of the night vision monocular which could be mounted on the helmet or on the rifle, infrared laser aiming device for target acquisition and the zeroing device. Force protection equipment is also on the acquisition process consist of body armor and ballistic helmet. This project would make the foot soldier less vulnerable to enemy fires considering that his head and upper body are well protected. All of these projects were funded out of the CY 2000 and CY 2002 fund releases for the modernization program. Some of those have been delivered while most are in the contract perfecting stage. It is expected that most of it will be delivered before the end of the year. Other components of the program have been given equal importance except for the Force Restructuring and Organizational Development component wherein up to now has been put on hold. For Doctrine Development, most projects are focused on formulation and publication of manuals, Doctrine Center capability upgrade and various doctrine development support activities. On Human Resource Development, four areas were given fund support. These are the projects on career development, personnel procurement, work life quality enhancement and reserve force development. Bases and Support Systems Development component focuses on the boundary surveys, selective fencing, topographic surveys and formulation of Conceptual Master Plan of PA bases and reservations. The funds used to support projects under these components are the modernization fund releases in CY 2000 and CY 2002. Factors Affecting Implementation of the Modernization Program It is almost a decade since the passage of the AFP Modernization Act. The Philippine Army in particular has only prosecuted a handful of projects which has not impacted much on its day-to-day operations in the execution of the mission. Expectations on the program have not been substantially met. It is because the success of its implementation relies heavily on financial support. An optimistic P50-B for the first five years or P10-B per year to jumpstart its implementation was not realized. Funding only poured in 2000 as a result of the sale of portions of Fort Bonifacio while appropriated funds from Congress was obtained in 2002. Of the total P10.91-B funds, the Army was able to get a share of P3.817-B to support various modernization program components. About 91% of the funds were used to support equipment acquisition or upgrade under the CMTD component. As of late, no funds were appropriated that is intended to support the modernization program of the AFP. Shifting of priority is also another factor that delays the acquisition of major-end equipment. The incessant justifications on what equipment has to be given priority and the corresponding funds to be allocated per project by each Major Service caused the unpredictability of the program and consequently losing its impact. Decisiveness on the part of the leadership especially on the identification of projects to be fulfilled is wanting. Reprioritizations of projects considering the limitation in financial resources take much time. Integration of Priority Lists Realizing that the insurgency problem will still be there in the next five years, and to preempt further changes in the priority list especially during leadership changes, an effort to come up with a single AFP Modernization Program Project Integrated Priority List focused on the restoration and upgrading of basic ISO capabilities had been initiated. The integrated priority list is a document that synchronizes necessary capability development initiatives of the Major Services of the AFP through a joint acquisition scheduling for equipment for a specific capability to be developed. The integrated priority list is primarily based on the Joint Resolution Number 28 list of equipment while other necessary ISO equipment has been included. It was prioritized based on the National Military Strategy, the AFP ISO Assessment and the findings in the Joint Defense Assessment of 2003. It was endorsed to the President and was approved President Arroyo in August 2004. Renaming to Capability Upgrade Program (CUP) The continuous reexamination of the modernization program and the validation of the projects to be carried out eventually led to its renaming. As the newly designated Secretary of National Defense (SND) has commented that the AFP is not really modernizing but rather, only upgrading its capabilities, thus capability upgrade program was coined. The formulation of the medium term capability upgrade program was based on the integrated priority list that was previously developed with the guidance from no less than the SND that its focus should be on the Capability, Materiel and Technology Development component of the AFP Modernization Program. The annual funding projection is P5-B for the span of six-year period. The key capability areas to be developed are the C4ISR, Mobility and Firepower. In consonance with the priorities established in the Capability Upgrade Program, the key capabilities that the Philippine Army will develop in the next six years are on the communicate, move and shoot capabilities. Communications were given foremost importance with consideration for the fact that most of our communications equipment in the inventory is outmoded and not secured from enemy eavesdropping efforts. The new communication equipment to be procured has the necessary security features that will foil enemy radio monitoring of our forces' communications especially during combat operations. The second priority is the acquisition of various land mobility platforms to address the lack of mobility assets in the field units. With the secured communications and sufficient mobility, maneuver of units/troops will be enhanced. The last but not necessarily the least is the improvement of firepower capability with the acquisition of additional Squad Automatic Weapons and Night Fighting Equipment. The scheduling for the upgrade of various armor assets in the inventory provides additional firepower support as well as troop mobility and force protection. Long Way Ahead The Modernization Program is for the period of fifteen years. If we base it upon the passage of the law, there remains only about six years to realize what has been originally conceived. Should the law cease to effect by 2010? Should there be another enabling law to provide continuity? Internal security problems that beset the country should be solved first prior to the external defense posturing of the AFP as recognized by most of the stakeholders. The solution is to focus on the Internal Security Operations capability development. The CUP will be the strategic focus of AFP capability development in the medium term and will be the prognosis of AFP capabilities by CY 2011. The fulfillment of the capabilities envisioned relies heavily on the financial aspect. A need to solicit the support of higher authorities is beyond question. Perhaps government authorities should recognize that capability development of the Armed Forces is one major factor in the establishment of a strong Philippine Republic. The Government Arsenal (GA) The Government Arsenal (GA) is mandated to produce sufficient munitions for the use of the AFP and the PNP and for sale and export in excess of AFP/PNP requirements; to achieve within reasonable time, self-sufficiency in small arms, mortars and other weapons, ammunition for these weapons and their munitions. The GA, like the AFP and the NDC also is under the Department of National Defense (DND) and is located at Camp General Antonio Luna, a 370-hectare defense industrial estate in Lamao, Limay, Province of Bataan, about 120 km from Manila by land, 70 km from Subic and 90 km from Clark. Just three km from the Port of Limay, the Arsenal is strategically situated near the Petron Bataan Refinery, the Bataan Combined Cycle Power Plant, the National Power Corporation Plant, the Petro-Chemical Complex, and the Special Economic Zone at Mariveles, Bataan. To sustain its operations, the GA presently maintains and operates 124 buildings and structures sprawled over 70 hectares of land. A creation of Republic Act No. 1884 which was signed into law on June 22, 1957, the Arsenal is a line bureau under the Department of National Defense. However, it was only about a decade later, on March 7, 1967, that a presidential proclamation on its present site at Limay, Bataan was declared. Accordingly, on October 12, 1967, the ground breaking materialized at the spot where the statue of General Antonio Luna now stands. Site preparations were subsequently undertaken by the 514th and 564th Engineering Construction Battalions of the 51st Engineering Brigade of the AFP. Construction of essential buildings and facilities then followed along with training abroad of selected military and newly hired civilian personnel on the manufacture of small arms ammunition (SAA). On August 15, 1971, or fourteen (14) years after the enactment of RA 1884, the first SAA cartridge rolled out of the GA's production assembly line. Three years later, the integrated SAA manufacture began, with all the components - case, primer, propellant powder, and bullet assembled into a complete cartridge - manufactured in the arsenal. As a strategic resource, the arsenal is envisioned to be a center for defense industries to meet domestic requirements and supply the world market. In line with this vision, the GA explored in the early 1980's, the possibility of exporting excess production, improving ammunition technology and expanding the capability for weapons production as called for in its charter. However, the impediments under the then existing laws prevented any real progress in this direction. It is fortuitous that on February 23, 1995, Republic Act 7898, otherwise known as the AFP Modernization Act, was enacted. RA 7898 likewise provides for the modernization of the Government Arsenal for the development of production capabilities to enhance self-sufficiency in defense requirements. Specifically, Section 12 of this Act mandates that "the government arsenal shall be utilized in the production of basic weapons, ammunition and other munitions for the use of the AFP and the Philippine National Police (PNP), and for the sale and export of products in excess of AFP/PNP requirements." Furthermore, the GA is authorized to use such production facilities as it may own or be provided under the law or as it may arrange under joint venture, co-production or similar arrangements with local and foreign entities. Under the Self-Reliant Defense Program, the GA manufactured 3.417 million rounds of assorted small caliber ammunition during the CY 1998. In CY 2001, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed between the GA and a local gunsmith to conduct research and design on the prototyping and eventual production of an assault weapon (MP9). This is aimed at enhancing the capability of the GA to produce weapons and other defense materiel for use of the AFP and the PNP, besides small arms ammunition production. As per its charter, the Arsenal is mandated to also manufacture firearms. Said MOA is a pioneering effort of the GA in this regard. For the first semester of 2004, the GA effectively and efficiently managed its resources to attain its core programs as well as collateral projects and other related activities to service its client, the AFP. It provided quality ammunition, and discharge well its social responsibility harmoniously with surrounding community. It has aptly supported its human resource in terms of benefits, skill upgrading and various welfare programs to a more productive workforce. The fourth prototype of the 9 mm Special Assault Weapon manufactured in-house by GA passed the test-firing stage during the year. The AFP has scheduled 10 units of the weapon for field testing. GA posted three accomplishment ratings of over 100% in its manufacturing activities to provide the AFP with 14.708 million rounds of small arms ammunition. As authorized under existing laws, the Bids and Awards Committee of the Department proceeded with negotiated procurement for the Master Development Plan of the Arsenal. The plan includes a joint venture project to modernize GA manufacturing facilities. Modernization The Arsenal Modernization Program has identified the following projects: Phase 1. The upgrade of the existing capability is aimed at acquiring modern equipment and technology for the integrated manufacture of small arms ammunition. Phase 2. The establishment of a nitration plant is aimed at providing the country its first main local source of military grade nitrocellulose (NC). When established, the plant could also be utilized to produce industrial grade NC for the paint and other industries. Phase 3. The establishment of a cold rolling mill is aimed at self-reliance in producing brass and gilding metal for ammunition manufacture. When established, the plant could be utilized as well to produce coin blanks for Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and other industrial/commercial brass and copper materials. Phase 4. The establishment of a ball powder plant is calculated to produce various propellant powders for small and medium caliber ammunitions. Other Projects In addition, the GA has plans to explore the feasibility of undertaking other defense projects, including arms/weapon systems manufacture, on a joint-venture, co-production or other arrangements with foreign or local partners as a step towards promoting the development and growth of defense-related industries in the country. Present Thrust The GA intends, subject to the approval of the Secretary of National Defense, to undertake a joint venture enterprise with foreign and local partners initially with Phase 1 of its program. The Circular of Requirements for the Joint Venture (JV) options of Phase 1 has already been approved pursuant to a 28 September 1998 Memorandum of the Secretary of National Defense to the Director, GA and the Chief of Staff, AFP. Phase 1 envisions a JV to upgrade the existing manufacturing lines leading to the integrated manufacture of SAA which includes: a.) manufacture of the case, bullet, link, primer, propellant powder and finished cartridge; and b.) fabrication of tooling, gages and other accessories. As a minimum requirement, the JV should be able to establish a dedicated line for the manufacture of 5.56 mm M193 and M855 (SS-109) case/bullet manufacture, and cartridge/assembly. ********************************* Philippine Army (Hukbong Katihan) ********************************* Personnel Strength: 75,000 regular personnel Headquarters: Fort Andres Bonifacio, Taguig City Mission To organize, train, equip and provide forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained security operations independently or jointly with other armed forces units and to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of the Republic, and contribute to national development. Functions 1. Organize, train and equip forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations on land. 2. Develop, maintain and employ support of national development program. 3. Prepare such units as may be necessary for the effective prosecution of the national defense plans and programs. 4. Develop, in coordination with the other major services, and government agencies, tactics, techniques and equipment, of interest to the Army, for operations. 5. Organize, train and equip all Army reserve units and provide a professional cadre for the expansion of the peacetime Army component to meet any emergency. 6. Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or assigned by higher authorities. Vision A professional, capable and responsive army that is a source of national pride. It is a professional, compact ground force of regulars complemented by a strong mobilizable reserves. Personnel are competent, of noble character and committed to the accomplishment of their tasks. The army is a showcase of outstanding leadership and effective management. It is a capable army, ready to protect and fight for the people and state. The individual soldier is given the best training, weaponry and equipment. Their families are adequately provided for and assured of a secure, healthy and decent life. The army is responsive to the changing needs and aspirations of the Filipino people. In war, it fights to win. In peacetime, it assists in nation building. During crisis, disasters and natural calamities, it is a reliable source of prompt assistance. Professional, capable and responsive, the Philippine Army is a source of national pride- trusted by the Filipino people, respected by its allies and feared by the forces that seek to undermine national interests. It is an organization strongly guided by the soldiery values of Discipline, Courage, Honor, Competence, Solidarity and Loyalty. Above all, it derives strength and inspiration from the Almighty God. Organization The Philippine Army is administered through the Department of National Defense (DND). Under the AFP structure, the Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP), a four-star general, is the most senior military officer. The senior Army officer is the Commanding General, PA (CG, PA), usually with a rank of Brigadier General. He or she, along with his or her Air Force and Navy counterparts, is junior only to the CSAFP. The CG, PA is solely responsible for the administration and operational status of the Army. Army Staff Commanding General, PA Vice Commander, PA Chief of Staff, PA Personal Staff Army Inspector General (AIG) ACESPA OACPA OAIA AIDE ARMO ASM Coordinating Staff (Assistant Chiefs of Staff) Personnel (G1) Intelligence (G2) Operations, Civil Military Operations, Training and Education (G3) Logistics (G4) Plans and Programs (G5) Reservist and Retirees Affairs (G6) Communication-Electronics and Information Systems (G7) Special and Technical Staff Army Chief Surgeon (AC Surg) Army Dental Surgeon (ADS) Army Chief Nurse (ACN) Army Adjutant General (AAG) Army Judge Advocate General (AJAG) Army Provost Marshal (APM) Army Chief of Engineers (ACE) Army Chief Ordnance and Chemical Service (ACOCS) Army Chief Artillery (ACA) Army Chief Infantry Army Chief Quartermaster (ACQM) Army Chief Chaplain (ACCS) Army Modernization Program Management Office (AMPMO) Army Internal Auditor Army Military Personnel Office Combat Units The Army is organized into eight territorial Light Infantry Divisions, a Light Armored Brigade, a Scout Ranger Regiment, a Special Operations Command with various special forces units, five Engineering Battalions, one Artillery Regiment at Headquarters, the Presidential Security Group, and three Light-Reaction Companies. 1st Infantry Division (Tabak), Camp Maj. Cesar L. Sang-an, Pulacan, Labangan, Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur 2nd Infantry Division (Jungle Fighter), Camp Gen. Mateo Capinpin, Tanay, Rizal 3rd Infantry Division (Spearhead), Camp Gen. Macario G. Peralta Jr., Jamindan, Capiz 4th Infantry Division (Diamond), Camp Edilberto Evangelista, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental 5th Infantry Division, Camp Upi, Echague, Gamu, Isabela 6th Infantry Division (Kampilan), Camp BGen Gonzalo H. Siongco, Sitio Awang, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Dinaig, Tacurong City, Maguindanao 7th Infantry Division (Diamond), Fort Ramon Magsaysay, Palayan City, Laur, Nueva Ecija 8th Infantry Division, Camp Vicente Lukban, Brgy. Maulong, Catbalogan, Western Samar 9th Infantry Division, (activated in 2006) Camp Canuto, Sagurong, Pili, Camarines Sur 10th Infantry Division (Agila, activated in 2006), Camp Panacan, Davao City Light Armor Brigade (LABde), Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac Special Operations Command (SOCOM), Fort Ramon Magsaysay, Palayan City, Laur, Nueva Ecija Special Combat Units 1st Scout Ranger Regiment (FSRR, SOCOM), Fort Ramon Magsaysay, Palayan City, Laur, Nueva Ecija Special Forces Regiment - Airborne (SFR, SOCOM), Fort Ramon Magsaysay, Palayan City, Laur, Nueva Ecija Light Reaction Battalion (LRB, SOCOM), Fort Ramon Magsaysay, Palayan City, Laur, Nueva Ecija Army Aviation Battalion, Light Armor Brigade (LABde) Division Artillery Regiments Combat Support Units 51st Engineering Brigade, Camp Gen. Rigoberto Atienza, Libis, Quezon City, Metro Manila 52nd Engineering Brigade, Camp Natividad, Manolo Fortich, Malaybalay, Bukidnon 53rd Engineering Brigade, Cebu City, Cebu 54th Engineering Brigade, Camp Pito Abat, Manaoag, Pangasinan 55th Engineering Brigade, San Gabriel, Davao City, Davao del Sur 525th Engineering Construction Battalion (S), Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City Intelligence and Security Group, Fort Bonifacio, Makati, Taguig City Civil-Military Operations Group Signal Group Service Support Units Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac Army Support Command (ASCOM), Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac Finance Center (FIN CTR) Army Management Information Center (AMIC) Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM), Camp Riego de Dios, Paradahan, Tanza, Cavite Dental Service Center Army Research and Development Center (RDC) Army Resource Management Center Brief History The battle of Mactan on April 21, 1521 marked the first organized resistance of the Filipinos against foreign invaders. Lapu-Lapu, chieftain of Mactan, defeated a Spanish colonizer Ferdinand Magellan. As subject of Spanish rule, the Filipinos clamored for reforms. Andres Bonifacio later founded the Katipunan to prepare for armed revolution. The Katipunan formed the nucleus of the Revolutionary Army, the forerunner of the present-day Philippine Army. Following the outbreak of hostilities between the Filipino Revolutionary Forces and the Spanish troops, the Philippine Revolutionary Government and its Army was established on March 22, 1897 at Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite with Gen. Artemio Ricarte elected as Captain General. This date has been considered as the founding day of the Philippine Army. Two years after the Cry at Pugadlawin, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. The Filipino troops were to enjoy only a brief respite. The signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1889 ceded the Philippines to the United States. Due to the superiority of American arms and ammunitions, the Filipinos fell back from one position to another. With the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on November 15, 1935, President Quezon sought the services of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to evolve a national defense plan. Accordingly, Commonwealth Act number 1, popularly known as the National Defense Act was enacted into law. Executive Order number 11 provided the legal basis for the organization of an army of the Philippines. It had an annual appropriation of P16-M. Over at Fort McKinley 760 Philippine Scouts underwent rigorous training to become officers of the Philippine Army. Moreover, US Army officers were asked to check on the supplies and equipment requisitioned by our government. Other army equipment were likewise given to our army. The army was tasked to protect the state against external attack, promote internal security and to maintain peace and order. When World War II broke out in 1941, two regular and ten reserve divisions of the Philippine Army undertook the defense of the Philippines. These divisions were incorporated into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) under the command of General MacArthur. After the war, four military areas were activated to take the place of military districts. The Armed Forces was reorganized which gave birth to the four major services of the Armed Forces. Headquarters National Defense Forces was renamed General Headquarters Armed Forces of the Philippines. In the early fifties and the mid-sixties, the Philippine government extended a helping hand to war-torn countries. The army spared five battalions which comprised the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) to fulfill an international commitment at the same time to uphold the struggle for democracy. The Philippine Civic Action Group (PhilCAGV) was sent to South Vietnam on a mission at peace providing technical and rendering medical services. On July 10, 1957, a separate headquarters for the Philippine Army was established with Brig. Gen. Leoncio Tan as the Commanding General. At the onset of the sixties, the role of the army was expanded to include participation in the socio-economic programs of the country. To achieve greater flexibility and effectiveness, infantry divisions took the place of the military areas in the seventies. On September 21, 1972, Martial Law was declared. During the decade, military operations supported by civic action blocked the escalation of insurgency. The onset of the eighties saw the birth of the Special Operations Team (SOT) strategy which is aimed to isolate the insurgents from the civilian population, and dismantle the political organizations set by the communism neutralizing and denying them control of barangays all over the country. Aside from counter-insurgency campaigns, the SOT plays an additional role in national development. Together with local government officials, SOT identifies problems and helps provide assistance in areas that lack needed vital facilities and service like roads, bridges, schools, health and sanitation, livelihood, etc. Because of its effectivity, this strategy is being adopted not only by the Army but by the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines. Modernization The Philippine Army Modernization Program (PAMP), consistent with that of the AFPMP, is a fifteen-year planning document and part of the whole AFP Modernization Plan. It has identified three five-year planning phases, which contain the list of projects to be implemented, its priorities and schedule as well as the financial requirement. This envisions for the Army to develop the following capabilities: Rapid Deployment; Command, Control & Communication; Artillery; Armor; Base Support Facilities; Reserve Force Mobilization; Army Aviation; Combat & Civil Engineering; Anti Armor; Air Defense and Mobilization Stock Pre-positioning. The following projects were deferred to give way to the acquisition of more essential equipment in 2003: 1/4-ton LUVs, 1 1/4-ton trucks, 2 ½-ton trucks, Engineering equipment (eleven motor graders, ten medium-type tractors and nine 10-ton road rollers) and the FV.101 Scorpion upgrade. The PA undertook upgrades on several M-101 artillery pieces and acquired an ARV unit from Turkey in 2004. The Army is also developing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) together with experts from Mapua Institute of Technology for aerial reconnaissance. The PA modernization also includes the acquisition of 402 Squad Automatic Weapons (SAW), with the first phase being won by FN Herstal of Belgium for a contract price of P117.432-M. They also acquired Force Protection equipments consisitng of 3,100 sets ballistic helmets and vest, delivered on October and December 2005 by contractor Atlanta Industry and Oriental Industries of Korea for P129.6-M; 1,853 units of VHF/FM handheld transceivers and 231 units HF/SSB 20W manpack transceivers were delivered by Harris Corporation on May 26, and June 1, 2005 respectively. Contract price was at P391.747-M and P338.5-M respectively. Current PA projects under negotiations are Night Vision Goggles (NVG), Night Vision Weapon Scopes; additional 4,582 units of VHF/FM handheld transceivers, phase 2; the SAW phase 2 project; and the M-113 APC upgrades, with an approved budget of P144-M. Fleet Information Armor 16 FV.101 Scorpion 40 YPR-765 AIFV 66 M-113A1/A2 (speculative) 150 FS.100 Simba (speculative) 79 V-150, including V-100s and Chaimite (speculative) Artillery 14 M-114 14 M-68 200 M-101A1, including 12 upgraded M-101s (speculative) Support Vehicles M-35 trucks M-151 jeeps HMMWVs CMC Cruiser jeeps Delta Motors Mini-cruiser Jeeps ********************************************************** Philippine Air Force (Hukbong Panghimpapawid ng Pilipinas) ********************************************************** Personnel Strength: over 17,000 regular personnel Headquarters: Colonel Jesus Villamor Airbase, Pasay City Mission To organize, train and equip forces for prompt and sustained air operations in support to the AFP mission and the national government's objectives, and to provide assistance to support forces. Functions 1. The defense of Philippine airspace. 2. Close air support to combat forces. 3. Aerial photography and reconnaissance. 4. Development of doctrines and tactics for air operations. 5. Participation in the national development. Vision A Philippine Air Force that is a credible air armory with highly-skilled, dedicated personnel, capable to pursue its mandate of being the country's primary line of defense against foreign aggression. Organization The Philippine Air Force is administered through the Department of National Defense (DND). Under the AFP structure, the Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP), a four-star general, is the most senior military officer. The senior Air Force officer is the Commanding General, PAF (CG, PAF), usually with a rank of Brigadier General. He or she, along with his or her Army and Navy counterparts, is junior only to the CSAFP. The CG, PAF is solely responsible for the administration and operational status of the Air Force. The Air Force was reorganized in 2000 into Headquarters, five functional air commands: Air Defense, Tactical Operations, Air Education and Training, Air Logistics and Supply, and Air Reserves and 11 PAF-wide Service Support Units. Air Staff Commanding General PAF Vice Commander PAF Chief of Air Staff Secretary of Air Staff Personal Staff Air Force Inspector General (AFIG) Air Force Safety Office (AFSO) Air Force Resource Management Office (AFRMO) Internal Audit Office of the Special Studies (OSS) Public Information Office (PIO) OESPA OAFIA Command Sergeant Major (OCSM) Coordinating Staff (Assistant Chief of Air Staff) Personnel (A1) Intelligence (A2) Operations, Civil Military Operations, Training and Education (A3) Logistics (A4) Plans and Programs (A5) Communication-Electronics and Information Systems (A6) Reservist and Force Development (A7) Special Staff Air Force Adjutant (AFA) Air Dental Surgeon (DS) Chief, Nursing Service (CNAF) Air Judge Advocate (AJA) Chief Surgeon (CSAF) Air Force Chief of Engineers (AFCE) Chief Air Chaplain (CAC) Air Force Provost Marshall (AFPM) Project Management Staff Office (PMSO) Air Force Management Fiscal Office (AFMFO) Historical and Cultural Activities (CHCA) Air bases Col. Antonio Bautista Air Base, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Runway: 09/27 Position 09° 44' 31.50 N 118° 45' 31.39 E Elevation: 71' Based Units: 4th Tactical Operations Command (formerly 570th Composite Tactical Wing) - OV-10, AUH-76 - Detachment, Rancudo Air Field, Pagasa Island, KIG 505th Search and Rescue Group (Advanced post) - UH-1H In March 21, 1975, the Puerto Princesa City Airport was improved and restructured and the PAF opened its base known as Puerto Princesa Air Base and since then shared its facilities with the provincial airport of Palawan. Its AOR is Palawan, the entire KIG and the Malampaya Gas field. The Bronco is loaned from 16th Strike Sqn and the Eagle from 20th Air Commando Sqn. 570th Composite Tactical Wing was reorganized into 4th Tactical Operations Command on May 10, 2006. It has a detachment in the KIG, the Rancudo Air Station. but no aircrafts are permanently based here, though regularly visited by C-130 or Naval Islanders on resupply missions or by OV-10 and S.211. The base was named in honor of Col. Antonio Bautista, a F-86 Sabre Pilot who was killed in action in January 11, 1974 while engaged in a CAS mission against Muslim rebels. Lt. Cesar Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga Runway: 03/21 Position 14º 59' 12 N 120º 29' 30 E Elevation: 151' Based Units: 5th Fighter Group, Air Defense Wing (formerly 5th Fighter Wing) - 6th Tactical Fighter Sqn (Cobras) - F5A (decommissioned and without operational aircraft since 2002) - 7th Tactical Fighter Sqn (Bulldogs) - AS.211 - 8th Tactical Fighter Sqn (Disbanded in January 7, 1968 with the retirement of the F-86D) - 9th Tactical Fighter Sqn (Disbanded in 1988 with the retirement of the re-engined T-34s. Previously also operated F-86Fs and provided pilots to the UN mission to the Congo) - 105th Combat Crew Training Sqn - S.211 (also previously operated T-33As and RT-33As. S211s are pooled with the 7th TFS. Unit combat qualifies pilots for the F-5, S.211 and OV-10 units) 540th Air Base Group - 541st Communications Sqn - 542nd Base Operations Sqn - 543rd Civil Engineering Sqn 710th Special Operations Wing - 5th Special Operations Sqn 5th Air Police Sqn 410th Maintenance Wing - 415th Supply Sqn 355th Aviation Engineering Wing 431st Field Maintenance Sqn 433rd Maintenance Sqn 434th Avionics Maintenance Sqn Air Education and Training Command (AETC) - 105th Combat Crew Training Squadron? 436th Training Sqn 520th Air Base Wing, Air Logistics Command - 419 Motor Transport Sqn Basa Air Base Hospital This air base was once known as 'Fightertown Philippines', the home of the 'Boys of Basa', the 'Pit of the Cobras' the 'Roost of the Fighters'. This was also the place of the PAF's 5th Fighter Group whose F-5 equipped 6th Sqn provided aircraft and pilots to the PAF aerial demonstration team, the 'Blue Diamonds', and the armed AS-211 equipped 7th TFS, which previously operated F-8H Crusaders until 1987 and provides the pilots and aircraft for the "Red Aces" aerial demonstration team are based. This is the haven of the first air defense of the nation. Built during the early stages of World War II by the United States Army Air Corps, it was then known as Floridablanca Air Field after the Pampanga town to which it is presently located today, After the War, it was turned over to the PAF on May 2, 1947 and the first post-war PAF fighters, the P-51 Mustangs, were transferred here. The base was named in honor of PAAC Lt. Cesar T. Basa, a member of Capt. Villamor's 6th Pursuit Sqn and who became the first Filipino aerial dogfight casualty in Philippine military history. Gen. Benito Ebuen Air Base, Mactan, Cebu Runway: 04/22 Position 10º 18' 36 N 123º 58' 54 E Elevation: 36 Based Units: 2nd Tactical Operations Wing (formerly 560th Composite Tactical Wing, with the whole of Visayas, except Palawan as its AOR) - Tactical Operations Group 7 (TOG 7) - OV-10 (formerly CTG 7, CASF 7) 205th Tactical Operations Wing - 210th Tactical Operations Sqn (formerly 210th Helicopter Training Sqn also called Breeders) - AUH-76 Eagle, MD520MG, UH-1H - 451st Organizational Maintenance Sqn (formerly 451 Supply Sqn) - 452nd Field and Depot Maintenance Sqn - 453rd Armament and Avionics Sqn 220th Airlift Wing - 220th Headquarters Sqn (Was moved from Mactan to Villamor then back to Mactan?) - 204th Airlift Squadron (Disbanded?, flew F-27s under the 205th Airlift Wing) - 206th Airlift Squadron (Disbanded?, flew F-27s under the 205th Airlift Wing) - 221st Airlift Squadron - F-27 (formerly 221st Heavy Airlift Sqn flying C123K Providers out of Mactan) - 222nd Airlift Sqn - C-130B, C-130H, L-100-20 (formerly 222nd Heavy Airlift Sqn) - 223rd Airlift Sqn - N-22B, N-22C (formerly 223rd Tactical Airlift Sqn) - 224th Supply Sqn - 225th Field Maintenance Sqn - 226th Avionics Maintenance Sqn - 227th Organizational Maintenance Sqn - 228th Transport Crew Training Sqn 505th Search and Rescue Group - 5052nd Search and Rescue Sqn - Bell 205A-1, Bell 214, AUH-76A, UH-1H 560th Air Base Wing Construction of this large joint military and civil air field commenced in 1956 which now serves the Mactan-Cebu International Airport and the complex houses. This is the air base responsible for the Transport Wing of the PAF, where the Hercules, Fokkers and Nomads are found and based. When fighters are stationed in the area, it is always recognized as the base of the defenders of the Philippine's southern backdoor. The 7th TOG's Broncos are loaned from 16th Strike Sqn. The 20th TOW (formerly 205th Helicopter Wing, 205th Airlift Wing) relocated from Villamor AB in 2001. In June 1996, Mactan Air Base was renamed Benito Ebuen Air Base in honor of the PAF Commanding General and the pilot of the ill-fated presidential plane 'Mt. Pinatubo' which was carrying President Ramon Magsaysay that crashed in Mt. Manunggal in March 3, 1957, killing all 25 aboard. Gen. Ebuen, who was also a commander of the 5th Fighter Wing, was also famous in piloting the famous PAF P-51 Mustang known as the 'Shark of Zambales'. During World War II, he flew reconnaissance missions for Gen. Jonathan Wainwright before the fall of the Philippines. He then served as a guerrilla in the remainder of the war. Camp Aquino, Tarlac Runway: Helicopter strip Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 3 (TOG 3) - 3 x UH-1H (formerly CTG 3, CASF 3) Camp Olivas, Tarlac Runway: Helicopter strip Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Air Command Post - UH-1H Cauayan Air Base Runway: 12/30 Position 16º 55' 45.00" N 121º 45' 13.00" E Elevation: 200' Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Sqn - OV-10, UH-1H (formerly CTG 2, CASF 2) The Broncos are loaned from 16th Strike Sqn. Airforce City, Angeles City, Pampanga Runway: 02L/20R, 02R/20L Position 15º 11' 09.6 N 120º 33' 37.1 E Elevation: 478' Based Units: Air Defense Alert Center, Air Defense Wing (Reactivated on 2001/02, relocated here from Villamor AB) 1st Tactical Operations Wing Air Logistics Command - 355th Aviation Engineering Wing Air Force Reserve Command 600th Airbase Wing 710th Special Operations Wing (Established January 7, 1992, actually a brigade of Air Force Special Forces troops, consisting of three battalions. Detachments were deployed with the Composite Air Support Forces (CASFs). One squadron was part of the GHQ's Rapid Deployment Force) - 721st Special Operations Sqn - 721st Special Operations Sqn - 722nd Special Operations Sqn - 723rd Special Operations Sqn Air Logistics and Support Command - 410th Materiel Wing (formerly 410th Maintenance Wing) - 411th Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Sqn - 412th Communications and Avionics Sqn - 413th Manufacture and Repair Sqn - 414th Maintenance, Supply and Support Sqn - 415th Supply Squadron (5th Fighter Group) - 417th Maintenance Training Sqn - 418th POL Management Sqn - 419th Wing Supply Sqn In 1920, the United States Military opened Clark Air Base, as part of its installation, Fort Stotsenburg. After World War II it became the largest US Air Base outside the US mainland and served the US 13th Air Force which became the operational USA base in the Far East. On November 21, 1991, though, the base was turned over to the Philippine Government and converted it as an international airport and Special Economic Zone. However, units of the PAF are also stationed in the once sprawling US Air Field located in Angeles City, Pampanga Province. The base was first named after Maj. Harold Clark who was stationed in the Philippines but died in a seaplane crash in the Panama Canal Zone on May 21, 1919. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo renamed it in memory of her father, former President Diosdado Macapagal. Now an international airport, it houses local and foreign carriers as well as cargo companies servicing routes to Manila, Cebu, Laoag as well as certain cities in People's Republic of China, South Korea and Taiwan. Maj. Danilo Atienza Air Base, Sangley Point, Cavite Runway: 07/25 Position 14º 29' 43.0 N 120º 54' 14 E Elevation: 8' Based Units: 15th Strike Wing - 16th Strike Sqn - OV-10A, SF260TP (Previously operated AT-28Ds) - 17th Strike Sqn - MD-520G (Previously operated SF-260WPs) - 18th Assault Sqn - ?? - 19th Training Sqn - ?? - 20th Air Commando Sqn - AUH-76A (Some S-76s have been transferred to the 505 Air Rescue Group) - 106th Attack Helicopter Training Sqn - MG-520 - 21st Field Maintenance Sqn - 22nd Supply Sqn - 23rd Avionics Maintenance Sqn - 24th Motor Vehicle Sqn - 25th Composite Attack Sqn (25th Attack Sqn) - 27th Search, Rescue and Reconnaissance Sqn (Disbanded. Called "Albatross". Previously operated HU16A/B Albatross and F-27MPA. Also operated BN2A Islander) - 463rd Avionics and Armament Maintenance Sqn 590th Air Base Group - 592nd Air Base Sqn - 594th Air Police Sqn - 596th Aerodrome Operations Sqn Air Education and Training Command (AETC) - 440th Maintenance and Supply Group Originally named Sangley Air Station, this PAF base is shared together with the Philippine Navy Air Group and the Philippine Naval surface combatant fleet. It is located strategically in Sangley Point, Cavite and used by the United States Navy prior and during World War II until it was handed over to the Philippine Government in September 1, 1971. It was renamed Atienza Air Base in honor of Maj. Danilo Atienza, an F-5A jet pilot who failed to pull out during a bombing run and crashed in the area while leading a trio of F-5's to destroy the RAM-SFP 'Air Force' during the December 1989 coup attempt against former Pres. Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino. Today, as it has been, the Base houses the 'Bronco', 'TurboChargers' and 'Defenders', equipped 15th Strike Wing of the PAF responsible for the main CAS and COIN air support operations of the AFP. The 15th Strike Wing is the "mother" unit. Aircraft and Sqns are detached/deployed to various Tactical Operations Groups around the Philippines and report operationally to the Tactical Operations Command or to the Air Defense Command depending on where they are deployed, personnel returning from deployment return to the Wing until redeployment. Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga Runway: 09/27 Position 06º 55' 20.40 N 122º 03' 34.13 E Elevation: 29' Based Units: 15th Strike Wing - Composite Attack Sqn - OV-10, MD520MG, AUH-76 Eagle 3rd Tactical Operations Wing (formerly 3rd Air Division, 530th Composite Tactical Wing, with Mindanao as AOR) - Tactical Operations Group 9 (TOG 9) - 9 OV-10, MD520MG, UH-1H (formerly CTG 9, CASF9, Jolo detachment is formerly Sulu Air Task Group) 205th Tactical Operations Wing - 206th Tactical Operations Sqn (Hornets) - UH-1H 530th Air Base Wing - 532nd Base Operations Sqn In December 6, 1956, the PAF established a military base on the eastern end of Zamboanga International Airport. In 1966, an operational PAF Base was established and named as it is called now in honor of Gen. Edwin Andrews, the first Filipino post-war PAF Commander who lost his life when the 'Lili Marlene', a C-47 transport plane carrying him and 16 others crashed in Mt. Makaturing, Lanao province in Mindanao on 18 May 1947. Today, the Base is very active in supporting air operations with Philippine ground forces in their campaign against communist and Muslim insurgents. The Broncos are loaned from 16th Strike Sqn and the MD520 from 17th Strike Sqn. TOG 9 has detachments at Pulacan, Jolo and Sulu. Lt. Col. Basilio Fernando Air Base, Lipa City, Batangas Runway: 03/21 Position 13º 57' 30 N 121º 07' 50 E Elevation: 1,120' Based Units: 443rd Field Depot Maintenance Sqn 550th Air Base Group - 553rd Civil Engineering Sqn - 555th Motor Vehicle Sqn Fernando Air Base Hospital 1303rd Dental Dispensary Known in the past as Lipa City Army Air Base, after Lipa City of Batangas Province. The base was built by the Japanese Armed Forces in 1942 after their victory using Philippine and American prisoners on forced labor. It was then the home of the PAF's Training Base, the 'Air Force Academy Campus', until the unit was transferred to Rajah Buayan AB in southern Philippines. The base was turned over to the PAF in May 2, 1948 and was named as it is now in honor of Lt. Colonel Basilio Fernando, a Philippine airman who was killed in the United States in January 21, 1946 during a training flight on a B-25 Mitchell medium Bomber in Oklahoma, USA. Col. Jesus Villamor Air Base, Pasay City Runway: 06/24, 13/31 Position 14º 30' 36 N 121º 0' 50 E Elevation: 75' Based Units: Air Defense Wing (formerly Air Defense Command) - 1st Tactical Operations Wing (formerly 1st Air Division) 220th Airlift Wing - 221st Airlift Sqn - F-27-200 250th Presidential Airlift Wing (formerly 700th Special Mission Wing) - 250th Headquarters Sqn - 251st Presidential Airlift Sqn - F-27-200, F-28-3000 (formerly 701st Sqn) - 252nd Helicopter Sqn - Bell 212, Bell 412, SA330L, S-76, S-70A-5 (formerly 702nd Sqn) - 253rd Security Sqn - 254th Supply and Support Sqn - 255th Field Maintenance Sqn - Special Mission Group - no aircraft (long disbanded?, used DHC-2 Beaver) - 291st Special Mission Sqn - 300th Special Mission Unit (Disbanded. Now part of the 710 Special Operations Wing) - 301st Special Mission Sqn 300th Air Intelligence Group - 303rd Air Reconnaissance Sqn - RC690 (previously also F-27MPA) 900th Weather Support Group - 901st Weather Sqn - Cessna T210G, T-41 505th Search and Rescue Group (Angels) - (Previously under the 205th Helicopter Wing in 1996, now an independent command) - 5051st Search and Rescue Sqn - Bell 205A-1, Bell 214, AUH-76A, UH-1H 501st Communications Sqn 520th Air Base Wing - 521st Air Police Sqn - 522nd Base Operations Sqn - 523rd Civil Engineering Sqn - 524th Supply Sqn - 526th Air Base Sqn (Working Bees) - 527th Base Security Sqn - 529th Military Police Sqn 410th Materiel Wing (formerly 410th Maintenance Wing) - 411th Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Sqn - 412th Communications and Avionics Sqn - 413th Manufacture and Repair Sqn - 414th Maintenance, Supply and Support Sqn - 415th Supply Sqn (5th Fighter Group) - 417th Maintenance Training Sqn - 418th POL Management Sqn - 419th Wing Supply Sqn Air Logistics and Support Command - 420th Supply Wing - Research and Development Center - 421st Inventory Management Sqn - 423rd Warehousing and Brokerage Sqn - 425th Supply and Support Sqn - 426th PAF Supermart - 427th Armaments and Munitions Sqn - 428th POL Management Sqn - 429th Publications and Distribution Sqn Air Education and Training Command (AETC) - 3005th Air Intelligence Training School PAF HQ Air Command and Staff College (ACSC) Air Force Civil Relation Center (reorganized and re-designated Air Force Triad Coordinating Center) Air Force Finance Center Air Force General Hospital Air Force Holding Center PAF Procurement Center 1301st Dental Dispensary Air Intelligence Division? (AIRD) Special Mission Group (COIN) 419th Transport Support Group (formerly 419th Transport Service Group) 650th Air Support Group Air Force Management Information Center Air Traffic Control Group 770th Surface-to-Air Weapons Wing (SAWW) - Unit still to be organized, to control SAM units at all PAF bases (once they have been procured). The main headquarters of the PAF, the air base was originally named Nichols Field and was used by American and Filipino Air Corps units prior to World War II. In was turned over to the PAF on January 1948. It is presently located in Pasay City at the heart of Metro Manila, adjacent to Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The base was named after Col. Jesus Villamor, the Air Force's first Medal of Valor recipient and Sqn Commander of the Fighting 6th Pursuit Sqn who engaged the Japanese Imperial Air Force during World War II. Laoag International Airport, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte Runway: 01/19 Position 18º 10' 41.13 N 120º 31' 53.48E Elevation: 20' Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing - PAF Detachment - MG-520 205th Tactical Operations Wing - 207th Tactical Operations Sqn (Stinger) - UH-1H (nickname once belonged to the 208th Air Transport Sqn flying C-47s) 505th Search and Rescue Group - 5056th Search and Rescue Sqn - Bell 205A-1, AUH-76A, UH-1H Loakan Airport, Baguio City Runway: 09/27 Position 16º 22' 30.32" N 120º 37' 08.19" E Elevation: 4,251' Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing Tactical Operations Group 1 (TOG 1) - 1 x OV-10 MG-520 (formerly CTG 1, CASF 1) The Bronco is loaned from 16th Strike Sqn and the MD520 from 17th Strike Sqn. Lucena City Runway: Unpaved/Helicopter strip Based Units: 1st Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 4 (TOG 4) - 4 x UH-1H (formerly CTG 4, CASF 4) Rajah Buayan Air Base, General Santos City, South Cotabato Runway: 01/19 Position 6º 6' 20.002 N 125º 14' 2.000 E Elevation: 28' Based Units: 3rd Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 11 (TOG 11) (formerly CTG 11, CASF 11) 300th Air Intelligence Group 710th Special Operations Wing - 740th Combat Group Explosive Ordnance Sqn and K-9 Sqn (formerly 720th Special Operations Group) Air Education and Training Command (AETC) - 101st Pilot Training Sqn - T-41D - 102nd Pilot Training Sqn (Musangs) - SF-260TP, SF-260WP - 103rd Student Squadron? - 104th Composite Training Squadron? This is the newest of PAF's installations and the most southerly based. It is now home of the PAF's 100th Training Wing, responsible for the education and training of all PAF personnel, enlisted and reserve officers alike. The 100th Training Wing was reorganized into AETC on September 22, 1999. Located in General Santos City, it was named after the Southern Cotabato native leader who led his men, the Buayans, in a battle in 1596 and repulsed the first Spanish attempt to colonize in what is now known as the province of South Cotabato. This base was formerly used as the primary airport of General Santos until the new General Santos City airport was opened. Davao Air Base, Davao, Sasa Runway: 01/19 Position 7º 7' 18 N 125º 38' 30 E Based Units: 505th Search and Rescue Group -5053rd Search and Rescue Sqn - Bell 205A-1, Bell 214, AUH-76A, UH-1H (AOR covers Mindanao) Deployment in Mindanao. 5053rd SRS has moved from Rajah Buayan AB by 2005. Southern Luzon Runway: Helicopter strips Based Units: 205th Tactical Operations Wing - 209th Tactical Operations Sqn (Hawkeye) - UH-1H There are several small helicopter platforms in the area. Totolan Dauis, Bohol Based Units: 205th Tactical Operations Wing - 208th Tactical Operations Sqn (Dagger) - UH-1H - 211th Attack Helicopter Sqn (Totolan) - MD520MG, UH-1H 2nd Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 8 (TOG 8) (formerly CTG 8, CASF 8) - Tactical Operations Sqn (formerly 208th Tactical Operations Sqn, 208th Helicopter Sqn) Bacolod Airport Based Units: 2nd Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Air Control Party Legaspi Airport Based Units: 2nd Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 5 (TOG 5)? (formerly CTG 5, CASF 5) Mandurria Airfield Based Units: 2nd Tactical Operations Wing - Tactical Operations Group 6 (TOG 6) (formerly CTG 6, CASF 6) Air/Radar Stations Radar stations were in used during the 60's to the 80's and covers the entire Luzon area and parts of Visayas. These stations primarily provide ground direction for the F-5's and F-8's and worked in conjunction with the then American radars in Clark and Subic. PAF radars covers during the day and the USAF handles nighttime intercepts. By the time the Americans left, radar coverage was nearly zero reducing the F-5's effectiveness and partly led to its decommissioning. Some of the stations received equipment left from the American bases, particularly the AN/TPS-32 Automatic 3-Dimensional Tactical Long-Range Surveillance Radar which is a transportable radar for the HAWK AD system, unverified reports including from Jane's Weapons Systems '84-'85 edition of HAWK SAM emplacements being employed by the AFP, are apparently USAF HAWK systems but tied to the Philippine Air Defense System (PADS), therefor included in the Order of Battle. When the Americans left, a single mobile 3-D radar was reportedly acquired but minus the SAM, and is believed to be emplaced in Rio Tuba, Palawan. With the country enmeshed in the Kalayaan Island Group dispute and the protection of the Malampaya Gas platform, several radars were quickly brought to operational status although most of them are online for a limited duration. Only Wallace Air Station is said to be fully operational as of 2006. All units report directly to the Air Defense Wing, Air Defense Alert Center in Air Force City regardless of location though units like Zamboanga and Rio Tuba also report operationally to local operational wings. The Air Defense Wing's funtion it to provide air defense and air space control throughout the Philippine Air Defense Identification Zone (PADIZ). All of these stations are owned and manned by PAF personnel and are separate from the joint ATO-PAF manned ATC radars. Camp Susana Radar Station, Upper Ayala, Zamboanga City (Radar equipment, Japanese mobile radar)** Gozar Air Station, Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro (Radar equipment, 2D, covers Western corridor)* Mt. Salakot Radar Station, Palawan (Incomplete)** Pasuquin Air Station, Ilocos Norte* Paranal Air Station (Radar equipment, 2D)** Paredes Air Station (Radar equipment, 2D, covers Northern Luzon, 50 mi range)** Rio Tuba Radar Station, Palawan (Radar equipment, 3D, coverage 394,000 sq mi; 210 mi range)** Wallace Air Station, La Union (Radar equipment, 3D, covers Northern corridor) * Radar system are currently off-line ** Status currently unknown, probably off-line. Comprehensive History of the Philippine Air Force parts from 'Flight to the Future', Infinit-1, Philippine Air Force, 1997 and 'Expanded Storyline of the PAF History and the early years of Philippine Aviation History', by Maj. Eduardo B Diano PAF. The life of the Philippine Air Force (PAF) cannot but reflect the realities of the larger society. For this reason, its history can be likened to a subplot within the bigger saga of the nation itself, with the theme of one equally recognizable in the order. That recurrent theme is the struggle between two impulses: one, to stay in the convenient lap of dependence on a "big brother"; the other, to venture into the unknown region of freedom and chart one's own destiny. The dynamics of these twin impulses have lent irony to many an episode in the story of the PAF and the nation's ambivalent relationship with the United States of America. The nature of these "special relations" has not been lost on Air Force officers and men across three generations. Some have viewed it as a blessing and a privilege, others have lamented it as a bane and a burden whose dire consequences persist to this day. Whichever side is correct, that unique relationship, begun at the turn of the century, continued for nearly nine decades and has been the biggest shaping influence on the birth and growth of the PAF. The Early Years The history of military aviation in the Philippines dates back during World War I, when America entered the war. With hardly any air power to match the Germans - who, through the services of Dutchman Anthony Fokker, had already fitted fighters with synchronized machine-guns - the Americans set out to produce 366 airplanes and to train a pool of pilots. On March 17, 1917, American General Francis Harrison approved the establishment of an Air unit in consonance with militia Act No. 2715 sponsored by then Senate President Manuel Quezon. Volunteers from the Philippine National Guard were accepted for flight training at Fort Mills on Corregidor Island, home of the 1st Company, 2nd Squadron of the US Army Signal Corps. Volunteers from the Philippine National Guard were accepted for flight training at Fort Mills on Corregidor Island, home of the 1st Company, 2nd Squadron of the US Army Signal Corps. Unfortunately for these brave, adventurous men, colonials could only fly on borrowed wings. In early February 1918, Maj. Joseph EH Stevenot, commander of the National Guard's aviation section, advised Governor General Francis Burton Harrison that the Filipino aviation students had completed their ground schooling and were ready for flight training. On learning this, Harrison promptly cabled the US Army adjutant general and requested flight training in the United States for 35 of the students who would then compose a Filipino squadron. On March 15, the reply came: No planes were left for use by Filipinos, as thousands of Americans had already been accepted for training. As a result, the aviation section had to be disbanded. The pilot trainees were instead assigned to the Artillery Corps at Fort Stotsenberg (later renamed Clark AB) in Pampanga, as part of the Philippine division of the National Guard. After the war, the National Guard itself was deactivated, as the United States no longer had any immediate need for military manpower support from the Philippines. The end of World War I also found the US Army and Navy with surplus aircraft and equipment overseas, which they were reluctant to ship back to the States. In another of those painful ironies in the history of the Air Force, these surplus aircraft and equipment were sold instead to the Philippine Militia Commission, which at that time still had no pilots and aircraft maintenance personnel to speak of. To the credit of the Militia Commission, it seized the opportunity to begin building a Filipino air unit by accepting the US offer. At the same time, it hired the services of the Curtiss School of Aviation (established by Major Stevenot) to provide flight training to 33 students at Camp Claudio (named after a Filipino soldier killed during World War I) in Parañaque. The class started on January 12, 1920 with the first batch of aviation students composed of ten officers from the Philippine Constabulary (PC), led by topnotcher 1st Lt. Porfirio Zablan; and 23 recruits from the National Guard, with foreign instructors and four JN-4 biplanes, one 'Seagull' hydroplane and F-52 biplanes. Aviation cadet Lt. Leoncio Malinao, a 25 year old Cebuano soloed in the morning of April 26, 1920 and became the first Filipino military pilot to go on a solo flight. The professionalism forebears of today's Air Force officers and enlisted personnel could only have been a remarkable breed. After all, to be one or the other, pilot or pioneer of any endeavor is a feat in itself. To be both is twice so. For pioneers and pilots are assumed to possess exceptional daring - that distinct blend of uncommon bravery and a highly developed taste for adventure and risk-taking. In the case of pilots, the qualities that count must include lightning reflexes and a mastery of what one retired ace military pilot calls the "geometry of flying." In the case of pioneering pilots, one must marvel even more at the extra daring it takes to pursue a high-risk profession where no kin or countryman ever ventured before. The Philippine Air Service (PAS) In June 1920, the Curtiss School decided to hold an air exhibition at the Luneta to show off its students. The exhibition, which demonstrated the brand-new pilots' flying skills as they executed stalls, spirals, slips and tailspins, so impressed the spectators that the idea of an inter-island air service caught fire. On July 7, 1920, the Council of State approved the establishment of the Philippine Air Service (PAS) to provide air mail and passenger flights between Manila and the ports of Cebu, Iloilo and Zamboanga. On January 1, 1921, the idea of Philippine Military aviation begun to materialize with the creation of the Philippine Air Service, with the primary mission of training prospective pilot officers and to carry mail and passengers. The PAS was disbanded after a year due to lack of funds and Philippine Military aviation idled for 15 years. The Philippine Constabulary Air Corps (PCAC) Another 14 years passed before a Filipino would revive the dream of Philippine aviation. In 1934, by virtue of Act No. 4194, the Philippine Constabulary Air Arm was organized and tasked to provide reconnaissance support for the PC in carrying out its peace and order mission, of assisting the customs and immigration authorities. After taking his oath of office as PC chief, Brig. Gen. Basilio Valdez declared his intention to create an aviation unit within the Constabulary. On January 2, 1935, he formally organized the Philippine Constabulary Air Corps (PCAC) primarily to lend reconnaissance support to the PC's peace and order missions. The Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC) On December 21, 1935, Commonwealth Act No. 1 known as the National Defense Act was passed by the National Assembly. This organized the Philippine Army and provided the incorporation of the PCAC into the Army and on January 11, 1936, the PC with 6,000 officers and men formed the nucleus of the Army as regular force the PCAC was subsequently redesignated as the Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC). The Philippine department of the US Army lent the Commonwealth government the services of four other officers Maj. Prosser and Lt. Lee with Lt. Parker were made to train the officers and personnel of the budding Air Corps, making it one of the earliest independent Air Forces in Asia. On May 2, 1936, Lt. William Lee successfully test-flew a locally assembled plane - a Stearman 73L-3, ushering the PAAC into actual air operations. The PAAC started operating a small flying school in Zablan (named after Lt. Porfirio Zablan, who died in the US while undergoing advance flight training), with students coming from the PC Academy, Philippine Military Academy and from the civilian sector. Among the first graduates were notable airmen like Lt. Orobia, Lt. Pelagio Cruz, Lt. Edwin Andrews, Lt. Basilio Fernando, Lt. Benito Ebuan, Lt. Pedro Molina, Lt. Jonas Victoria, Lt. Cesar Basa, Lt. Godofredo Juliano, Cadet Jose Ramos and Cadet Jesus Villamor. With the first five months of 1939, the PAAC had some 28 rated pilots, five non-rated personnel and 300 enlistedmen. For air defense, the budding air force has about 60 medium bombers and the Boeing P-26 'Peashooter', which figured prominently during the World War II. Most of those American P-26s that had been stationed in the Philippines had been sold to the government of the Philippines by the time of the Japanese attack. The Philippine government acquired 12 P-26As beginning in July of 1941. Some of these P-26s were serving with the 6th Pursuit Squadron of the Philippine Army Air Force based at Batangas Field at the time of the Japanese attack. Over the next six years, the PAAC would concentrate on training pilots and acquiring aircraft and facilities. Local flight instructors quickly learned the ropes and provided quality training to both Filipinos and Americans. One prominent pupil was a certain Lt. Col. Dwight Eisenhower, who took special flying lessons during his Philippine tour of duty as part of the staff of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. Shortly before the war broke out in 1941, the PAAC was inducted into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). By then, the Corps had 142 pilots, 1,700 enlisted men and four airfields: Zablan (now Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon City), Maniquis in Nueva Ecija, Batangas and Lahug in Cebu. Brig. Gen. Felix T. Pestana (Ret.), 78, was a law student at the University of the Philippines (UP) when he took the entrance examinations at the PAAC Flying School in 1940. "I took it on a dare," he recalls. A classmate at UP had passed the exams earlier and the young Pestana said, "Napasa mo yan, maipapasa ko rin yan (You passed it, so can I." Little did he know how dramatically so innocent an impulse would change the course of his life. "We were wondering why so many of us were being trained," General Pestana says. "Eventually we found out why: war was impending." In September 1941, less than a year since they entered the Flying School, his batch graduated; in a few months they themselves were appointed instructors in the Advanced Flying School's Maniquis Field in Camp Tinio, Nueva Ecija. The rapid growth of the PAAC came to a sudden halt in 1941, when the war broke out in the Pacific, and PAAC personnel got their baptism of fire. "The early morning of December 8, 1941, we heard over the radio that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor. (While in flight over the camp shortly after 10 am), we saw a plane with a sign on its side that said: "Land now." We did, and on the ground we learned that war had broken out. We were caught flatfooted. We still did not have the required amount of preparation for combat. It was at that point that the gallantry and heroism of our comrades came to the fore." Twelve hours after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, its air armada of 108 bombers and 84 Zero fighters attacked Clark Field. Arrayed like sitting ducks on the ground were two squadrons of B-17 bombers, one squadron of P-40 fighters and other aircraft. Only two of the 20 B-17s based at Clark were off the ground. The day after, the PAAC's 6th Pursuit Squadron, based at Batangas and commanded by Capt. Jesus Villamor, was virtually the only aviation unit of the USAFFE left intact. Despite their total obsolescence, the Filipino P-26s succeeded in scoring some victories against the Mitsubishi A6M Zero during the first few days of the Japanese attack. One of the Philippine P-26s is credited with shooting down the first Japanese plane destroyed during the early attacks on the islands. The best-known action took place. Captain Jesus A. Villamor led the P-26As of the 6th Pursuit Squadron, the only ones of their type to see action in World War II, and they were flown with great courage by their Filipino pilots. On December 12, 1941, Villamor brought down a Mitsubishi G3M2 of the 1st Kokutai over Batangas. Lt. Jose Kare even managed to shoot down a Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero with his obsolete Boeing on December 23. Generally, however, pitted against overwhelming numbers of superior enemy aircraft, the Peashooters proved as ineffectual as their name implied. Overmatched in number, firepower, speed and quality of aircraft, Villamor's gallant squadron - flying six obsolete Boeing P-26 fighters - managed to stall the Japanese air offensive, with all but one of the amazing Filipino pilots, 1st Lt. Cesar Basa, survived the epic aerial battle. Villamor, who went on to do crucial intelligence work in preparation for the return of the Allied forces from Australia, would receive the Distinguished Service Cross; his men, the US Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster. After the war, the Philippine government would honor Villamor with the Medal of Valor and bestow the Gold Cross with Bronze Anahaw Leaf on the valiant pilots of the 6th Pursuit Squadron. Notwithstanding such heroics, Japan's air superiority eventually reduced the air assets of the PAAC and the USAFFE on the islands to a handful of fighters. General Pestana recounts: "Shortly it became clear that the Japanese had landed in Lingayen and had bombed Clark. We were at Camp Tinio, digging trenches for defense purposes - our hands became full of calluses. When the Army asked for volunteers, I was one of those who volunteered, because I felt useless just digging trenches. Six of us were made to go on air liaison and flying missions between the headquarters and the divisions, to bring orders and messages. We moved to Rosales, Pangasinan, but we were transferred to the headquarters of Gen. (Jonathan) Wainwright. From there we were asked to bring our aircraft to Clark. When we got there, everything was burning." On December 24, 1941, the PAAC received the order to join the retreat to the Bataan peninsula, with eleven of their aircraft decimated and rendered unserviceable, had to be destroyed along with the other operable aircrafts, materiel and installations. Pilots, mechanics, clerks, and cooks were then grouped into a provisional infantry battalion which later become popularly known as the 'Flying Infantry', under Maj. Pelagio Cruz. Later they were attached to the 71st Infantry Division and were assigned to the defense of Agloma point. The first week of March 1942 saw the defense sector of the PAAC Regiment in Bataan caught in the final drive of the Japanese. The defenders were soon overrun by superior Japanese ground forces supported by tanks and planes. Bataan fell on April 9, with its gallant defenders, except those who evaded capture, were taken as POWs and experienced the infamous 'Death March' to Capas, Tarlac. The remnant of the PAAC who had survived Bataan evacuated to Corregidor, regrouped anew and were taken to the various units of the Allied forces. The rest of the PAAC regiment under Maj. Cruz stayed at their battle positions along the beach throughout the enemy siege of the fortress island. Many of them perished in the tunnels of Malinta, with the wounded dying due to inadequate medical personnel and supplies. Corregidor finally fell on May 6, but not all Allied defenders surrendered, with many that succeeded in escaping the Japanese, joined different guerrilla units. Gen. Pestana recalls how one evening Rogers (then a lieutenant whom he remembers fondly as "a very,very nice guy") showed them something he had picked up at Clark Air Field after it was burned down. "They were shoulder boards," says the general with amusement. "We asked him why he picked them up and he said, 'We're going to wear these at the victory parade when this war is over!'" The incident demonstrates something that Air Force men take pride in. "The morale in the Air Force is always high," says Gen. Pestana. He attributes this to the particularly close sense of fellowship from which its members draw strength. And that strong bond he ascribes to a heightened sense of mortality among members of the service, because of the extraordinary risks that come with the profession. As he puts it, "I think one of the reasons we are so close to one another is the thought at the back of our minds that we may be talking (with one another) this minute, and the next time one of us may no longer be around." Col. Joe Rogers, now 82, served in the (would be) Air Force from 1940 until his retirement in 1970. He recalls how Filipino and American prisoners of war, emaciated from starvation, exhaustion and disease, hobbled along for days during the infamous Death March. "The Japanese would order us to stop every two hours and those who were wounded, sickly and could not keep up with the march were bayoneted and left to die by the roadside." At the concentration camp in Capas, Tarlac, he recalls a time when "as many as 500 died in one day from malaria, dysentery, hunger, and these were simply dropped in well to prevent the spread of disease." Through all the hardship, however, the men of the "flying infantry" and their comrades in the resistance never lost hope. As long as they were alive, they could fight. As long as they could fight, they could still turn back the invaders. The plight of the "planeless" Filipino airmen, many of whom learned to handle guns for the first time, typified the Philippines' ill-preparedness for war in spite of America's much-vaunted aegis. The fall of Bataan and Corregidor punctuated the failure of the US-designed national defense plan, forcing the Filipinos to rely on their own resources in the ensuing guerilla resistance. Meanwhile, the captive nation endured the war's darkest years. After Gen. MacArthur landed in Leyte, surviving PAAC pilots and troops were shipped to the island where the Philippine Army had set up provisional headquarters. They were subsequently sent to the United States for refresher flight training. After the Liberation After the war, the PAAC underwent a major reorganization and its pilots were sent to the US for refresher courses. Before the end of 1943, the streamlining of the PAAC was underway. Pilots who undertook the refresher courses in the US started arriving, with new concepts and techniques gained abroad, these officers introduced modern trends in restructuring the PAAC. Undergraduate cadets belonging to Class 42-B and 42-C of the PAAC Flying School were also sent to US flying schools to earn their wings. Following their return to the Philippines, the PAAC was reorganized by Lt. Col. John Ryan of the US Army Air Corps, who served as its acting chief until Lt. Col. Edwin Andrews returned to the country from his own training in the US. The refresher flight training in the US did not turn out well for everyone. One high-ranking casualty was Lt. Col. Basilio Fernando who died in a B-25 crash at Enid Field, Oklahoma. (Lipa AB would later be named after him.) The PAAC regained its flying status with the activation of the 1st Troop Carrier Squadron in September 1945 at Lipa Army AB in Batangas. The squadron was organized by Capt. Roberto Lim, a Filipino US Army officer detailed with the PAAC. As the squadron's first commander, Lim focused on building up its aircraft fleet. Starting out with only two C-47s, the squadron had a standing fleet of 22 "Gooney Birds" by the time he left the service in January 1946. On May 1, 1946 the 1st Fighter Squadron, the first tactical component of the PAAC, came to existence. This unit later became the nucleus of the famed 6th Fighter Squadron. Following the inauguration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1945, the PAAC acquired various types of aircraft from the US under the RP-US Mutual assistance program. These included the workhorse C-47s, P51 'Mustang', L-4 and L-5 liaison planes. The acquisition of these planes found PAAC pilot activity engaged in flying. The arrival of the C-47 transport plane named "Lili Marlene" with the first postwar batch of aircraft from the United States bore symbolic significance. The plane's landing on Philippine soil was hardly remarkable except that "Lili Marlene" was part of US military aid, which came shortly after the restoration of Philippine independence on the Fourth of July 1946. As aid, "Lili Marlene" could be considered a gift of sorts from the Americans. On the other hand, its massive presence helped breed a shortsightedness that would stunt the growth of independent strategic thinking on the part of the Air Force for many years to come. On May 18, 1947, barely a year after first gracing Philippine skies, "Lili Marlene" flew its last. The military transport plane was flying over Mt. Makaturing in Lanao with its passenger load of high-ranking government officials when it crashed. Among the fatalities was Col. Edwin Andrews, the amiable chief of the postwar Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC), precursor of the PAF. The PAAC mourned Andrews' death as a son would his father's passing. And not without cause. For the colonel's devotion to the Corps was well known. Less than two years earlier, shortly after his appointment as its first postwar chief, he had begun working single-mindedly toward one goal: the Corps' eventual separation from the Army as an independent service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. During a PAL flight to Naga, Camarines Sur, in July 1946 Lt. Rogers met Naty Crame, a flight attendant whom, barely five months later, would become his wife. Their relationship provided a quaint picture of the symbiosis between the Air Force and the civilian aviation sector. Like Joe and Naty, the PAF and PAL were inseparable during those early years - with adjacent stations in every airfield. The Philippines' postwar dependence on the United States was ordained by the Americans themselves. In March 1946 the Truman Doctrine was proclaimed, stating that the United States would "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." The doctrine defined the main thrust of US foreign policy in the face of an emergent rivalry for global power with what was then known as the Soviet Union. The Truman Doctrine launched the United States' foreign military aid program for its allies and satellites in Asia, among them the Philippines. As a colony, the Philippines would receive military hardware, including aircraft and equipment sorely needed by the PAAC at the time. The same day that the Military Police was formed in anticipation of the aircraft that would be coming from the US. In addition, three documents - the Bell Trade Act, the Military Bases Agreement and the Military Assistance Pact - would render Philippine independence virtually meaningless. The Bell Trade Act, approved by the US Congress in October 1945, provided for free trade between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines (RP) until 1954, after which imports from either country would be taxed progressively until the full levy was reached in 1974. The same Act granted Americans equal rights and opportunities as Filipino citizens in disposing, exploiting, developing and utilizing "all agricultural, timber and mineral lands in the Philippines," along with the right to operate public utilities in the country. The RP-US Military Bases Agreement, signed on March 14, 1947, gave the United States the right to "retain the use of bases in the Philippines" for a period of 99 years and to permit the United States to use such bases as it saw fit. (In 1966, the term of the agreement was changed to expire in 1991.) Under the Military Assistance Pact, signed a week later, the United States promised to furnish the Philippines with arms, ammunition, equipment and supplies. It also provided for the establishment of the Joint US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG). Mandated to reorganize the AFP and train its officers and personnel, the Group had free rein to influence Philippine military policies. In fact, as the clearing house for US military aid, JUSMAG was more powerful than the Philippine Congress which for many years would feel no need to appropriate funds for defense purposes. Part of military aid was the grant of scholarships to military schools in the United States. Beneficiaries of such schooling got more than just military training: they became virtual advocates of American doctrine, tactics and culture. Together, these three documents assured the United States a secure grip on her "former" colony in the post-war years. History would later reveal that the Philippines, prostrate after the war, was left with little choice but to accept the strings attached to the grant of "independence." Among the pilots in the new squadron was Col. (then lieutenant) Rogers who made it back from USAFFE squadron training at Randolph Field, Texas. He not only lived to see the victory parade that he envisioned amid the ruins of Clark - his sunny disposition would carry him through the tough early postwar years. After training as a transport plane pilot, Lt. Rogers got his Lipa assignment, ferrying people and cargo to and from Australia. This experience qualified him for a secondary - civilian - role, which many military pilots assumed at the time. With not enough trained aviators to go around, the PAAC and the early PAF airmen doubled up as pilots for Philippine Air Lines (PAL), Asia's first commercial passenger air service. With that perspective, President Roxas could not have countenanced any opposition to the grant of parity rights to Americans as provided by the Bell Trade Act. But six newly-elected Congressmen from the Alliance party - which espoused the interests of peasants, workers and intellectuals - were expected to block the proposed amendment to the Philippine Constitution which would make the grant possible. President Roxas therefore engineered the passage of a resolution to unseat these oppositionists, led by erstwhile anti-Japanese guerilla leader Luis Taruc, on the grounds that they had won the election through fraud and terrorism. What muddled the situation was that "GI Joe" was perceived to have "liberated" the Philippines from the Japanese by most Filipinos who thought little of America's failure to adequately strengthen its colony's defenses before the imminent war broke out. Ironically, the heroic efforts of the Philippine underground - including the "planeless" air force - enabled the Americans to save face and emerge as the war's main heroes. The Filipinos' inordinately high regard for the US was reflected in the inaugural address of Philippine President Manuel A. Roxas in 1946. "The world cannot but have faith in America. For our part, we cannot but place our trust in the good intentions of the nation, which have been our friend and protector for forty-eight years. To do otherwise would be to forswear all faith in democracy, in our future and in ourselves." President Roxas' ploy only created worse problems for his administration. Unseated, Taruc went underground and regrouped the peasant guerilla movement called the Hukbalahap, short for Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (People's Army Against the Japanese) into the Hukbong Magpapalaya sa Bayan (People's Liberation Army) - or Huks. Agrarian inequity in Central Luzon stirred peasant unrest, spawning an insurgency that would prove increasingly intractable. The Huk rebellion would give the Air Force an added - some say, distorted - mission. North American P-51D Mustangs and other Air Force aircraft were enlisted in the fight against the dissidents. The anti-Huk enclaves and actual air support missions. At the height of the campaign, the Air Force flew as many as 2,600 bombing sorties against the dissidents. While these sorties would contribute to the eventual success of the military effort against the Huks, they would also sow the seeds of an internal orientation that would cost the PAF dearly in the years to come. With the presence of American military bases as an external defense crutch and with the availability of US military aid, the "culture of dependence" was hard to resist. Apart from providing the convenience of foregoing the need for Congressional appropriations, the US card offered a pair of advantages. American arms could be acquired at a discount and bilateral agreements made US counterpart aid available for every government peso spent for military needs. In practice, however, it was simply a continuation of the "hand-me-down" arrangement, which commenced after the First World War. The US managed to dump decommissioned (i.e. outmoded) war material in exchange for virtually unrestricted use of massive military bases in the Philippines. Birth of the PAF At the time of Colonel Andrews' untimely demise, the PAAC already had a base headquarters composite group at Nielsen Field (where the heart of the Makati business district is now located), air squadrons for combat, depot supply, air material, air engineering, troop movement and communication; and nine airways aviation detachments. As it turned out, the passing of Andrews, a Filipino-American, would be a fitting symbol of the end of an era. Barely two months after his death, the Corps stepped out from under the wings of its parent organization. Under the leadership of a dynamic and equally dedicated Filipino officer, Maj. Pelagio Cruz, the PAAC came into its own as the PAF - two months ahead of the birth of the United States Air Force from the US Army Air Corps. Independence, however, would prove to be as much a process as a state. On July 1, 1947, the PAF became operationally and administratively independent of the Philippine Army and placed on an actual footing with the other services of the AFP. In another, larger sense, the PAF merely began a new leg on its long flight to real freedom. The Pacification Campaigns The rise of a recalcitrant group known as the HMB or 'Huks' in central Luzon in the early 50's found the PAF engaged in numerous strafing and bombing operations against the dissident force. The P-51's proved its usefulness in such well-known local operations as OMAHA, COLUMBUS, FOUR ROSES and WALING-WALING. With the sustained operations, the PAF contributed greatly in crippling the Huk movement, with most of the Huk followers surrendered voluntarily. In 1951, the Sulu Air Task Group (SATAG) was organized to support ground forces in the campaign against outlaws led by Kamlon. PAF fighter planes in the area contributed largely to the early termination of hostilities, where aircraft enlisted in both campaigns combined psychological warfare flights and actual air support mission. SATAG participation was so effective that many followers of Kamlon, either abandoned, surrendered or escaped, after experiencing the strafing and bombing operations. The anti-Huk campaign defined the predominant nature of military tactics. The country was divided into military area commands with counterpart PAF detachments that would presage the concept of composite air support forces decades later. With forward deployment and air mobility as key tactical elements, PAF squadrons were detached from mother units and equipped to operate autonomously in the war zones. That the Philippines under Pres. Ramon Magsaysay opted for a military solution to what was essentially a social problem betrayed strict adherence to American doctrine. The country would be trapped in this mindset in dealing with the subsequent Muslim uprising led by Hadji Kamlon, another former anti-Japanese guerilla leader, who resented, among others, the grant of Mindanao land to Huk surrenderees and enterprising Christians. The followers of Taruc and Kamlon succumbed to superior military force - best manifested by the PAF's air supremacy - but new insurgencies would surface later on due to unresolved social ills. Transition to Jet The Air Force began its transition to the use of jet aircraft in 1954. That year, Brig. Gen. Pelagio Cruz went on an observation tour of US Air Force installations in the United States. During that trip, he proposed the modernization of the PAF to USAF officials, who promised to present the plan to the US Congress for aid appropriations. The proposed program was approved, the following year, Col. Godofredo Juliano (one of the war heroes from the 6th Pursuit Squadron), Major Pestana, Maj. Jose Rancudo and Capt. Jose Gil - flew in an initial batch of T-33 jet trainer planes from Japan. The gleaming jets first landed at Clark AB, as nearby Basa AB could only be reconfigured to accommodate the new aircraft with additional American funds. Later more pilots were sent to the US to undergo training in various USAF schools and by 1957 the PAF acquired several F-86F MiG-killers, better known as Sabrejets, which were turned over to the government through FMS. Flight proficiency training continued in earnest and at a fast pace. After several joint aerial exercises with the USAF 13th Air Force at Clark AB, the PAF pilots proved their mettle as 'jet jockeys'. Evaluation of these aerial maneuvers showed that the PAF jet squadron' was 'combat-ready'. The 60's saw the PAF take major strides: activating an extensive radar system to monitor the air space over the archipelago and boosting its arsenal with a fleet of supersonic F-5A/B "Freedom Fighters" armed with AIM-9B missiles. The PAF entered the supersonic jet age with Northrop F-5A/B 'Freedom Fighter' fighters on August 29, 1965. The PAF received 19 F-5As and three F-5Bs for use by the 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Basa AB. The first aircraft arrived on October 25, 1966 to replace the F-86 Sabre in the air defense role. The aircraft all retained their USAF serial numbers, which were 64-13310/113313, 64-13320/13324, 65-10499/10507, 66-9148/9150, 64-13379/13380, and 65-10589. Indeed, the PAF then was probably the best in the region. To augment this force the PAF bought 35 retired USN F-8H 'Crusader' in the mid-70's, which LTV refurbished about 25 units, but corrosion, unserviceability and lack of spare parts forced their retirement in 1986. The PAF dominated the sky not simply because it had more jets than its neighbors, but because if flew them with precision and a daring spirit. This skill was distinctly illustrated in the PAF Blue Diamonds. The quality of the hardware was matched by the superb flying skills of the Air Force pilots, as epitomized by the Blue Diamonds. Formed in 1953 by 1st Lt. Jose Gonzalez and other ace pilots from the Basa-based 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 5th Fighter Wing, the Blue Diamonds excelled in precision aerobatic flying. Maj. Gen. Pedro Q. Molina, a hero of the Bataan resistance who became PAF Commander in 1958, described the Blue Diamonds as the team that "symbolizes the degree of professional competence, air discipline, teamwork and proficiency which are essential requirements of a potent and effective combat-ready air arm. The precision of the Filipino airman's capacity to adapt himself with the rapid change in modern aerial warfare." Shifting from P-51s to F-86s to F-5s with consummate and deceptive ease, the Blue Diamonds were deemed Asia's answer to the renowned Thunderbirds of the USAF by the 60s. At one point, the team consisted of an astonishing 16-plane formation with the same facility for turns, rolls, loops, "bomb bursts" and mid-air re-groupings as the conventional four-plane diamond formation. That particular team was led by then Capt. Angel Mapua, whose equal facility with words showed the quality and well-rounded training of Filipino airmen in those years. Describing their unprecedented 16-plane salute in his memoirs, Gen. Mapua wrote: "We regrouped at 1,000 feet like a flight of birds seeking the stream of warm air among the clouds before heading back to the coastline. I was the only one with the full view of the panorama; the rest were totally focused on me and my extensions, maintaining our diamond pattern through countless small fractional adjustments. Held tight by a quickening excitement and bursting pride, we passed, screaming behind the grandstand at low level, briefly acknowledging the applause from the rising audience, briefly relishing a photographer's quick-silver moment of catching 16 Sabrejets storming in formation over the Domestic Airport, briefly knowing that, at last, we were doing it precisely as we long wanted it done." Lt. Gen. Antonio Sotelo (Ret.) candidly sums up how it felt in those days: "The Air Force was at its peak in the Sixties. I was a young captain then, and even the fuel, my uniform, my helmet - everything - was paid for by the Americans. When I commanded an F-5 squadron, I had 22 brand-new F-5s. Our maintenance personnel were also trained by the Americans. You could say that it was United States Air Force run by Filipinos." Foreign Missions The United States' paranoia over communist insurgencies - particularly in light of developments in China, Korea and Eastern Europe - would keep the PAF fairly well equipped at the height of the Cold War. At one point, the Air Force had more P-51 Mustang fighter planes than it had pilots. In fact, the PAF would lead the way among air forces in the Southeast Asian region for nearly three decades. Its top-flight reputation made the PAF a welcome volunteer to a number of United Nations (UN) missions. Korean Mission In June 1950, North Korean troops supported by Soviet tanks and artillery poured across the 38th parallel and quickly overwhelmed the lightly armed South Korean forces. So explosive was the Korean situation that the newly created UN Security council appealed the assistance from UN members to help South Korea repel the armed attack. Responding quickly to this appeal, the AFP organized the Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (PEFTOK) to fight along with other UN forces. The PAF participation consisted of a small unit designated as an air-to-ground liaison section. This unit was composed of Capt. Josefino Parenas, Sgt. Carlos Toralba and Sgt. Dominador Jimeney. The latter was captured during an engagement and was held as a POW until the truce at Panmonjon. Col. Benito Ebuan served as a military observer, flying his aircraft close to enemy lines. Congo Mission In 1962, UN Secretary Dag Hammerskjold asked for support from the Philippine government in the form of an air tactical squadron to help neutralize airborne secessionists in the troubled Congo (later Zaire), in Africa. Early in 1963, the 9th Tactical Squadron, better known as 'Limbas' was thus activated with Col. Jose Rancudo as commander. The 9th TFS thus became the first Philippine air unit to be assigned in a foreign nation. The crack Filipino pilots flying Sabrejets, in tandem with Swedish and Iranian fighter units, was attached to the UN forces for cargo for several months and ably secured the air space over the African rebel province - earning the UN Service Medal for every member of the 'Limbas Squadron'. Bali Mission That same year, the PAF distinguished itself in a mercy mission to the remote town of Tjulik in Bali, Indonesia following the eruption of Mt. Gunung Agung on March 17, 1963, causing extensive damage to property, and death and suffering to thousands. Air Force paramedics joined a team of doctors and nurses from the Department of Health in treating and vaccinating thousands of evacuees at a makeshift field hospital. During the entire duration of the mission, the PAF team operated by administering inoculations of anti-typhoid, cholera, dysentery and small pox vaccine in a massive medical drive. The teams inoculated an estimated 10,785 people. Seven PAF C-47s ferried the team, along with medical supplies and relief goods, to Tjulik, earning the admiration and gratitude of the Indonesian government and people. Vietnam Conflict In 1966, the South Vietnamese requested the Philippine government for assistance. The government decided to send the Philippine Civic Action Group to Vietnam (PhilCAG-V). A large number of PAF personnel volunteered to serve and about nine officers and a hundred airmen were chosen. Lt. Col. Isidro Agunod, Chief of Air section of HQ, PHILCAG-V distinguished himself by flying 1,700 flying hours to help locate and destroy the mortars and rockets which frequently harassed the PHILCAG-V base camp in Tay Ninh. Post Vietnam In the mid-Sixties, the PAF activated civic action centers as a component of the fight against insurgency. These centers were set up to help civilian communities near Air Force facilities in running and benefiting from community development projects ranging from food production to adult literacy classes. In addition, all PAF tactical units - realizing that victory did not lie solely in the battlefield - took part in social amelioration projects in an effort to win the hearts and minds of the masses. At the same time, the PAF's material acquisition increasingly took on a counter-insurgency bias. In 1969, the Air Force acquired a fleet of Vietnam War-vintage UH-1H 'Huey' helicopters which would be instrumental in taking ground troops to and from mountain and jungle battlefields. The decline of the Huk movement and the suppression of the Kamlon-led Muslim uprising in the 50's afforded the PAF - and the rest of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) - the opportunity to develop a true external defense orientation and to use international benchmarks as its guide for further modernization. However, the basic issues of social inequity and uneven development raised by the dissidents remained largely unresolved despite the land reform initiative of President Diosdado Macapagal. This led to the rise of twin insurgencies - one led by the Maoist New People's Army (NPA), the other, by Muslim secessionists in Mindanao. This, plus the convenient presence at Clark Air Base and Subic Bay of US troops armed to the teeth for Vietnam War action, pulled the PAF further inward. In June 1972, a U-17 reconnaissance plane confirmed the presence off the coast of Digoyo Point in Isabela of a fishing vessel (MV Karagatan) loaded with high-powered firearms and ammunitions for the NPA. Intercepted by the AFP's Task Force Palanan, MV Karagatan gave the Armed Forces a measure of the growing strength of the insurgency. The Air Force organized the Composite Air Support Force (CASF) under the 1st Air Division to assist Task Force Palanan in terms of comprehensive airlift, communications equipment, personnel and medical air evacuation support. Using jet fighters, Hueys, U-17s and converted T-34 trainer planes, Air Force pilots went on bombing and strafing sorties, and daily reconnaissance missions. By the 1970s, the PAF had a full complement of bases and airfields, including landing strips in the archipelago's outermost fringes, including Sulu and the Kalayaan Islands. The years that followed found the PAF not only engaged in sustained training but a dynamic partner in nation building in such activities as aerial photography, rainmaking/cloud seeding, infrastructure, airport development and supervision and airlift of relief goods for victims of natural calamities, air evacuation of patients, civic action including the conduct of courses for out-of-school youths, SAR missions, peace and order drives and myriad other projects the most important of which is its Self-Reliant program. Several months prior to the proclamation of Martial Law, the PAF undertook massive aerial support to AFP troops engaged in operations against dissidents in the Cagayan valley, particularly in Isabela. It has also given maximum support to relief agencies during the disastrous floods which hit central Luzon in July 1972. In September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed martial law, claiming that the insurgents had put the state in grave danger. Far from suppressing the pockets of armed rebellion, however, the dictatorship only succeeded in further fanning insurgent flames. Over the next 14 years, the Air Force would give government troops the mobility and firepower to keep the well-entrenched rebels at bay despite often-heavy casualties on both sides. The cost of the long counter-insurgency war to the PAF would go far beyond human lives, misplaced strategic priorities and rapid depletion of meager resources. It led to a steady decline in the external defense capability of the Air Force. "We almost lost that war," recalls Brig. Gen. Ciriaco Reconquista (Ret.), who as a transport plane pilot flew hundreds upon hundreds of dead and wounded soldiers from the battlefields of Mindanao and ferried troops repeatedly from NPA-infested areas in Luzon to the MNLF front. "The (Muslim) rebels were better-armed." In terms of firepower, the military had only one sustainable advantage: the Air Force. At no time was this power wielded more dramatically than in November 1972 at the battle of Sibalu Hill in Sulu near the southern tip of the Philippines. By dawn, wave upon wave of F-5 and F-86 fighters, as well as T-33 jets and C-47 gunships, took off for Jolo every minute - bombarding the enemy camp accurately and relentlessly. After each sortie - some pilots flew three sorties during that attack - the aircraft would dart back to Mactan to reload. Before the morning was over, helicopters landed at Sibalu Hill to extricate the Marines that narrowly escaped a massacre. A few months later, the Air Force would again play a vital support role in the massive military counter-offensive in the central Mindanao province of Cotabato. By early 1973, the MNLF forces had virtually surrounded Cotabato City and the Awang airport complex. With overseas support for training and arms, the rebels were gearing up for riverine and land attacks to seize the seat of government in Central Mindanao. This would complete the first step in their grand plan to turn Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu chain of islands into the Bangsa Moro Republic. Gen. Reconquista - then a lieutenant in charge of A3 (Operations) - remembers having been on duty that Sunday at Villamor AB. Shortly after noon, he received the first of a series of frantic calls from Jolo, Sulu, requesting air support to extricate a battalion of marines trapped within the MNLF strong-hold. Lt. Col. Reconquista immediately alerted Basa AB to make available all aircraft and sent transport planes to load armaments. By the time Gen. Rancudo, then PAF chief was located to give the deployment orders, no less than 60 planes and choppers were ready to fly to Mactan - the staging area for the air assault. Air Force Col. Pompeyo Vasquez was flown in from Jolo to brief the pilots on the situation at Sibalu Hill. The marines and the rebels were within shouting distance of one another: it was imperative to determine their exact positions. That same evening, Col. Vasquez flew back to Jolo where he would orchestrate the attack as air controller the following morning. To thwart the Cotabato rebel attack, the Central Mindanao Command (CEMCOM), headed by Brig. Gen. Fortunato Abat of the Philippine Army, enlisted the support of every branch of the Armed Forces, as well as paramilitary civilian home defense forces. Aside from airlifting troops from Manila and Cebu to the war zone, the PAF swooped into the thick of battle. Composite Air Support Force Cotabato (CASFCOT) fielded Huey choppers, rocket-bearing U-17 aircraft and C-47 gunships as CEMCOM troops advanced to recapture town after town from rebel hands. The liberation of the town of Maganoy on April 2, 1973 hinged on a risky air mobile operation in which six Hueys had to execute a tight spiral - one after the other - from 5,000 feet to a marked landing spot at the town plaza to insert elements of the 22nd Infantry Battalion. From March to August 1973, the PAF provided air cover and tactical support to ground forces, interdicted waterborne rebel reinforcements, broke up rebel concentrations and blasted fuel and ammunition dumps. The military attack culminated in the two-month campaign to destroy the well-secured rebel logistics base in Barrio Tran, Lebak and to restore government control over the town. Secondary explosions following a series of air strikes heralded the success of the mission. From there, CEMCOM gained the initiative and shifted to unconventional warfare as the rebels, in Gen. Abat's assessment, began resorting to "harassment, limited attacks, depredations, sabotage and terrorism...to keep their image of strength." In the mid 70's, The PAF received armed T-28 'Trojans' which were used in COIN operations, Nineteen SF.260WP 'Warrior' were allocated for training and light strike duties. Under the New Society, the PAF has accomplished the establishment of air mail routes to rural areas for cultural minorities and squatters, the training of reserve forces, food production and the manufacture of aircraft as well as the conversions of others in line with the government's Self-Reliant program. EDSA Revolution Even as the Muslim secessionist movement waned in the face of peace and diplomatic initiatives, the military found no respite as it confronted the growing NPA threat on several fronts. The PAF played a pivotal role during the February revolution in 1986, with the defection of the armed S-76 helicopters of the 15th Strike Wing from the Marcos administration on February 24, led by Col. Sotelo, and then Squadron Commander Maj. Charles Hotchkiss. That decision irreversibly tilted the balance against the dictatorship. Later that morning, a 15th Strike Wing gunship, steered by Capt. Wilfredo Evangelista, was dispatched to fire warning shots at Malacañang in a show of rebel superiority. At noon, three rebel gunships neutralized the air power of "loyalist" forces at Villamor AB. The PAF was back in the service of the Filipino people. This ushered the defection of other key units to the Enrile-Ramos forces, which brought early resolution to the revolution. Following the expiry of the parity rights agreement in 1974, the Americans began to leverage the provisions of the Military Assistance Pact. Straightforward aid gave way to a credit system that tied Philippine resources to difficult repayment schemes. Meanwhile, maintenance costs spiraled as the first global oil crisis blew fuel prices sky-high. As the economy took a turn for the worse by the early 1980s, the PAF felt a severe strain on its resources in the sustained war against the insurgents. Fortunately, the courage and skill of the Air Force men and women never wavered, enabling the AFP to maintain air superiority despite dwindling resources. The desire to the authoritarian government to perpetuate itself in power also caused stagnation in professional advancement within the Armed Forces in favor of certain "trusted" generals. This proved an ideal breeding ground for demoralization among young officers. Thus began the politicization of the military, along with the rest of Philippine society. Sotelo describes how his views changed when the dictatorship's abuses became apparent: "As a fighter pilot, my participation in the counter-insurgency and the secessionist conflict in the South was purely professional. You live in a base, fly to the scene of conflict, drop your bomb. Little by little, you ask yourself, who is the real villain, the rebels or lazy officials who steal public funds?" Post EDSA From 1986 to 1990, rightist military factions, wary that the government of Pres. Corazon Aquino had become "too soft" on communists, attempted a series of coup d'etats. Without adequate civilian and military backing, however, the putschists failed to topple the newly restored democracy. But the attempted coups exacted a heavy toll on the PAF and the rest of the Armed Forces. Not only did the Air Force have to work hard to restore unity within the command, it also had to deal with the extensive damage sustained by its air and ground assets. During the crucial air strike led by Maj. Danilo Atienza against rebel forces in Sangley Field on 2 December 1989, for instance, seven T-28s, one Sikorsky helicopter and a fuel depot were destroyed. A few months before that bloody coup attempt in 1989, the Air Force made a move whose significance may not have been widely or readily appreciated. Air Force Day was celebrated on the 1st of July that year instead of on the 2nd of May as had been the practice since 1937. The change was made by order of Pres. Aquino through Proclamation No. 397. The original date marked the 1936 flight by Lt. William Lee of a Stearman plane, an event that inaugurated the Philippine Army Air Corps' actual flying operations. The new anniversary day, on the other hand, recalled the date when the PAAC was renamed the PAF and promoted from an Army unit to a major branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The change served an important symbolic purpose. Centuries of colonial experience are often said to have spawned self-denigrating, xenophilic Filipinos, for whom almost everything foreign is deemed superior to almost all that is Philippine or Filipino. It is equally true, however, that the thought of centuries of colonial abuse has stoked nationalistic fervor in as many, if not more, Filipinos over the years. The same phenomenon has evidently been the case within the Air Force, as with many Filipino organizations. The committees that recommended the change cited "growing nationalist sentiment (within the PAF)" that the Air Force should disengage itself from its "colonial moorings." Celebrating the test flight of an American pilot seemed hardly the way to do that. In yet another stroke of irony, however, two US Phantom jets streaked across the Makati afternoon sky on December 2, 1989 as negotiations to end the bloody coup ensued below. This demonstration of US support to the Aquino government - which really had no tactical significance after Maj. Atienza and two other F-5 pilots disabled the rebels' air assets at Sangley earlier that day - was a none-too-subtle reminder of the many nuances of freedom. Again, quite a number of Filipinos saw the Americans as "saviors" - overlooking the feats of real heroes like Maj. Atienza (who was killed in action and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Valor) who turned the tide against the rebels. Brig. Gen. Ramon Farolan, the first "post-EDSA" PAF chief, sought to capture the spirit of the times by urging Air Force officers and men to "go back to the basics" and "repay a thousand-fold the (people's) trust and confidence in the military." He was alluding to the two principal challenges of his transitional leadership: to restore unity among the officers and personnel of the PAF which the dictatorship and the resulting politicization of the military shattered; and to regain the civilian populace's trust in the military which 20 years of martial rule had eroded. Many top-ranking officers with over-extended terms were finally retired, clearing the way for the promotion of deserving younger officers. During his term as commander, Brig. Gen. Sotelo sought to restore the PAF's high professional standards by instituting the "no flight, no pay" policy for all rated officers, reviving the merit system as the basis for promotion, and laying the groundwork for the remodernization of the Air Force. This paved the way for the formulation of a five-year PAF development plan, the decentralization of resource management and the acquisition of the S-211 aircraft, MG 520 Defender helicopters, and aero/ground support equipment under the watch of Maj. Gen. Jose de Leon. Politicization of the AFP, however, had not been completely undone. Shift to External Defense For a long time, the country relied on the USAF's 13th AF based at Clark AB for air defense, but with the withdrawal of the Americans in 1991. Like poetic justice, however, the final irony in the history of the PAF would put things aright barely two years later. On September 16, 1991 the nation finally cut the umbilical cord of military dependence on the United States as the Philippine Senate repudiated the RP-US Military Bases Agreement. The bold move, long overdue, forced the AFP to look seriously at building a credible capability to defend a nation on its own. By abandoning what for decades had seemed its main source of strength, the PAF and the rest of the Armed Forces finally unlocked the key to their renewal. Meanwhile, a sustained government policy of approachment with erstwhile insurgents freed the military to focus on its primordial mission of external defense. To Lt. Gen. Loven Abadia, the PAF chief at the time of the withdrawal of US military forces from the Philippines, this meant a quick shift from the focus on de-politicization and support of democracy to a firm conviction to modernize the Air Force in the face of great odds. Abadia would later find out that PAF modernization was not easy to sell to a public suspicious of large budgetary appropriations for the military - no thanks to the residual effects of the martial law era. It was up to subsequent senior military officers to convince the people's representatives in Congress that without a modernized AFP (and, with it, a more credible Air Force), the country's security would always remain fragile, particularly in a world order driven by economic competitiveness among nations. Of course, the PAF was no stranger to such difficult circumstances. Confronted by great odds throughout its history, the PAF learned its lessons well. The Air Force came to realize that its true strength lies in its immense reservoir of courage and talent. Armed with this knowledge, the PAF welcomed the challenge to turn itself into a self-reliant air shield as the biggest step in its long flight toward full freedom. Lt. Gen. Leopoldo S. Acot Jr. has successfully continued the modernization program of the PAF. He also pursued the other three guiding policies of his predecessor, Lt. Gen. Loven C Abadia. He worked on the upgrading of the recruitment standards. Six more MG 520 gunships and five UH-IH "Hueys" were acquired by the Command. Lt. Gen. Acot Jr. was also guided by his own principles which are: Austerity in activities, celebrations and life-styles; Self-help in performing duties; Lean or incline and compact force resources; and quality performance. Upon his retirement on December 13, 1993, Lt. Gen. Nicasio P Rodriguez Jr. (then Brig Gen) assumed the command of the PAF. Command policies of Lt. Gen. Rodriguez are: Proficiency on air operations; Maximum utilization of Air Force resources particularly on air assets; Personnel must make up in excellence and practice the art of public relations. With these four policies, Lt. Gen Rodriguez stressed on discipline, moral and welfare sub-proficiency, operational safety and social relevance. He bowed out from the service on December 26, 1995 and Lt. Gen. Arnulfo Acedera Jr. assumed the command of the same date. Lt. Gen Acedera. in his acceptance speech stressed on decisive leadership, professional knowledge and dogged determination to uplift the credibility of the PAF's defense and developmental capabilities. On 28th November 1996, he became the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. With the designation of Lt. Gen. Acedera Jr. as Chief of Staff, AFP, Lt. Gen. William K. Hotchkiss III assumed Command of the PAF on November 28, 1996. His philosophy of command depend on the mission, comradeship and transparency. He believes that mission encompasses vision, leadership and method/knowledge. "Comradeship is the adhesive that binds us together", he said. It led to a unified work in any establishment especially in a military environment. He pointed out that the command should conduct its affairs in an atmosphere of transparency if only to enhance mutual trust and confidence if not respect within the organization. During his term , the concept of "One Mission, Many Roles" was aptly envisioned to refocus the PAF strategy for an optimized utilization of its limited air assets and ground support facilities amidst the gloomy backdrop of limited fund support and the delay in the implementation of the Modernization Program. Air Operations, which is the centerpiece of PAF organization, have posted significant milestones in combat operations, combat support, logistics runs, maritime surveillance and patrol, weather modification, search and rescue and disaster relief operations, even as most impressive of which may be its low incidence of aircraft accident. Special non-traditional projects like Cooperative Development geared for the empowerment of the great many against economic difficulties; Mural, Monument and Aerospace Museum projects that promote efforts in the field of history and arts; environmental protection and preservation projects specifically Adopt-A-Mountain, River in the Sky, Eco-Scouting and Youth Summer Camp, and Eagle Foundation all intended to assist the national government in the long term. After a three year of PAF stewardship Lt. Gen. William Hotchkiss III has bowed out of the service on January 8, 1999 and relinquished the Command to Lt. Gen. Willie C. Florendo. The first guideline of Maj. Gen. Florendo in leading the PAF command is Professionalism which deals on the relevant skills of individual person. An Air Force man who will not only excel in his field but lead a righteous lifestyle; esteemed in his community and exemplary in character. Second is productivity which is a way to enhance mission accomplishment. Thus involved quality management, safety consciousness and self reliance; potential discoveries to maximize the creative use of resources in the whole organization. The 3rd guideline is Pro-soldier initiative which enhance moral and welfare programs geared to uplift the family life of the individual soldier in support of the pro-poor thrusts of the national leadership. The Air Force men will go back to brilliant basic: That is to put a premium on progressive education and technical training. That the battle space will be intensely knowledge-based. That a competent human base is essential not only for efficiency but for an Air Force that can deliver and an Air Force with a high sense of esprit de corps. The command will modernize PAF schools; training process, equipment and standards. Another is the making of an air power institute and the increase of C-130's and helicopter because they do not only transport combat troops but they are the lifeline of our people in time of calamities. The twenty-sixth (26th) CG, PAF is Lt. Gen. Benjamin, P. Defensor Jr. (then Maj Gen) who assumed the position on October 10, 2000. Since our mandate is not only to secure parcels of landmass but the territorial integrity of our nation. CG, PAF Lt. Gen. Benjamin Defensor Jr., believed that we must build up core capabilities essential for our country's first line of military defense, that we must nave the capabilities to prosecute campaign decisively and as mandated, even independently. To contribute to a strong Armed Forces by having a credible Air Force through right tactical powers and a modern air defense system. This program, he said will be implemented using two complimentary but separate approaches; One is regular program and the other is the modernization budget. The approach is intended to increase the operational readiness rate of existing aircraft. There is a need for an active partnership and affiliated reserve units, the business and academic sector for joint venture of PAF training and planning in the areas of technology and strategic confrontation especially in electronic warfare. There will be a change but it is a change with concern giving priority to the moral and welfare of the men especially those in the field. The Commanding General said "We will take care of them, so that we bring out the best from them. " On September 12, 2002 Lt. Gen. Defensor was relieved by Lt. Gen. Nestor Santillan when he became the Chief of Staff, AFP. As a CG, PAF, Lt. Gen. Nestor Santillan is guided by two (2) principles: 1) Knowing what imperatives are dictated by mission of the PAF 2) And the principle of simplicity that is keeping focused on the essentials of these mission imperatives. He has outlined the five (5) cornerstones of his command such as: 1) A Strong Air Force for a strong Republic 2) Doctrinal Renewal 3) Smart Modernization and 4) First Force of the people and 5) Aircraft Recovery program. His five (5) objectives of running the PAF are guided by his two (2) principles mentioned above. A total of 32 aircraft was recovered and put back into commission and 21 were still in the pipeline when he retired from the service. When Lt. Gen. Santillan bowed out in the service, Maj. Gen. Arcadio L. Seron was designated to take charge of the Command in an acting capacity from May 14, 2004 to July 7, 2004. Lt. Gen. Jose L. Reyes assumed as CG, PAF on July 7, 2004. He is guided by six (6) Command Trusts such as: Capability enhancement, Unit preparedness, Infrastructure Development, Human Resource Development and meritocracy, Organizational Streamlining and Doctrine Development. His specific guidance and personnel/ administration and logistics. Today, the Philippine Air Force - its involvement in counter-insurgency battles lessened by a government bent on reconciliation with rebel forces - is focusing on modernization. The PAF is strengthening its capability to pursue its multi-spectrum mission in times of both war and peace. With women now flying as part of its force (since 1992), the PAF airmen are prepared to ascend to the challenges of their role, as servants of a people experiencing a generally peaceful and progressive environment. Buoyed by the optimism of the times and guided by their mission, they look back at fifty years of turbulence and turmoil, and focus on the glory years of an Air Force once considered the region's best. With wings somehow meant to soar, the Filipino airman looks skyward towards the future, when the PAF is once more distinguished as one of the best and most admired forces in the world. Modernization Aircrafts acquired through the years were usually geared for COIN operations, close air support, transport, and a few dedicated for search and rescue rather than air defense. The only growth area for the PAF was with its helicopter fleet with over 100 units mostly Bell UH-1H 'Huey' was received from the US since the 70's, through FMS, with most being assigned to the 205th Tactical Helicopter Wing. Outside the FMS procurement program, the Marcos administration arranged for license-assembly of German MBB BO-105CB, with about 15 in service with the PAF. By 1983, Sikorsky helicopters were acquired with about 12 armed, 3 SAR, and 2 VIP S-76 units. In 1989 the US agreed to supply 20 MD500 light attack helicopters under FMS and 20 units improved MD520MG were delivered in the 1991. Fixed wing transport relies heavily on C-130B/H 'Hercules' delivered in 1976-77. Several Fokker Two F-27-200 'Friendship' remains in service from the 10 originally received in 1981. Two GAF N.22 Nomads turboprops remain operational from the six acquired since 1976. A light transport squadron flies the locally assembled BN-2A 'Islander', which was subsequently operated by the Naval Air Group. Pilot training begins on Cessna T-41Ds (about 20 received) and continues on to SF.260MPs (about 27 received). Fighter wing trains prospective fighter pilots on Lockheed T-33s (7 acquired in 1987), then on S.211s (about 20 units received). OV-10 'Bronco' (about 20 units acquired in 1992, with additional units acquired from Thailand in 2003-04) replaced the T-28s in the CAS roles. Additional F-5s were received from Korea and Thailand but all units were finally decommissioned in September 2005. Attrition on most aircrafts is high with several units lost to crashes or are unserviceable due to lack of parts. The PAF has had its remaining OV-10s undergo a Service Life Extension Program in 2005 for P245.76-M. Other projects include refitting/refurbishing various type of aircrafts bringing them to operational status, including 5 MD-520MG 'Defender' brought to operational status by the 15th Strike Wing's 460th Maintenance and Supply Group. Refurbishing non-operational (NOR) assets involved reinstallation of lacking aircraft parts and thoroughly repairing damaged airframe sections to make them airworthy. AFRDC provided locally manufactured parts while other components are sourced from abroad or salvaged from crashed and beyond repair units. From July 2005 up to the 1st quarter 2006, a total of 8 aircraft of various types were made operational after completing repairs. The PAF together with the ATO, also has reactivated the ATO's surveillance radar in Tagaytay City in June 2006, and will be joint operating the station following a MOA, with the radar being operated by ATO personnel and the monitoring equipment operated by PAF personnel. Plans are underway for the acquisition of transitional multi-role fighters, with the prime candidates being offered are New Zealand's A-4 'Skyhawks', American F-16A/B 'Falcon', IAI's Kfir C.7s and Dassault Mirage F.1s. The PAF has also recently sent teams to evaluate South Korean F5E 'Tigershark' and the Swedish JAS-39 Grippen in 1998. Several UH-1H units were acquired in 2005 from Singapore (4) and under the US' Excess Defense Articles (about 20) for P1,130-M for both programs and about 6 more UH-1H to be delivered in July 2006. The PAF is also set to acquire in July 2006, a Fokker F27-500, with a contract price of P95-M. Several Night Capable Attack Helicopters (NCAH) are also planned to be acquired in 2006 with an approved budget of P1,262.50-M, to augment the 24 NVG-capable helicopters currently in the fleet. Fleet Information Operational Aircrafts Fixed-wing 14 OV-10C 7 S.211 (speculative) 7 SF.260 (speculative) ? T-41D (unknown) 2 F-27 1 F-28 2 N-22 3 C-130H Rotary-wing 15 MD520MG (speculative) 45 UH-1H (speculative) 4 S-76 5 B-205A-1 (speculative) 1 Huey II 1 Bell 212 2 Bell 412 SP 2 Bell 412 EP 1 Bell 214 (speculative) 2 SA 330 1 S-70C (speculative) Total Aircrafts in Inventory (including Operational) Fixed-wing 33 OV-10C 19 S.211 13 SF.260 15 T-41D 10 F-27-200 (including 1 F-27-200 MPA) 1 F-27-500 1 F-28-3000 6 N.22B 13 C-130 (including 7 Bs, 4 Hs and 2 L-100-20s) Rotary-wing 20 MD 520MG 95 UH-1H/ Bell 205A 14 S-76 Utility 8 B-205A-1 (speculative) 1 Huey II 1 Bell 212 2 Bell 412 SP 5 Bell 412 EP 1 Bell 214 2 SA.330L 1 S-70C Deletions 19?? - T-28D 19?? - T-33 2006 - Northrop F-5A (15 units, including 2 operational) ******************************************** Philippine Navy (Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas) ******************************************** Personnel Strength: 20,500 regular personnel (including Marines) Headquarters: President Manuel A. Roxas Boulevard, Manila Mission To organize, train and equip forces for prompt and sustained naval defense of the Philippines, to enforce or assist in the enforcement of pertinent rules/regulations at sea and to conduct all types of naval operations in support to ground, air and any government operations. Vision A Philippine Navy with the highest level of excellence and outstanding accomplishments. Organization The Philippine Navy is one of the oldest navies in Asia in terms of lineage, but also in terms of ship age and technology. Most of its dwindling number of major fighting ships are of World War II US Navy vintage, and are equipped with obsolete weapons systems. The Philippine Navy is administered through the Department of National Defense (DND). Under the AFP structure, the Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP), a four-star general, is the most senior military officer. The senior naval officer is the Flag Officer-in-Command (FOIC), usually with a rank of vice-admiral. He or she, along with his or her Air Force and Army counterparts, is junior only to the CSAFP. The FOIC is solely responsible for the administration and operational status of the Navy. Currently the Navy establishment is composed of two major commands, the Philippine Fleet and Philippine Marine Corps (PMC). The Philippine Fleet, or simply the 'Fleet', is under the direct command of the FOIC while the Marine Corps is answerable to the Commanding General, PMC (CG, PMC). However, due to the fact that a large part of the Marine Corps' budget comes from the Navy, the FOIC retains much administrative control over the PMC. JR 28 mandated the PN to reduce its strength to 20,000 military personnel and 2,565 civilian personnel. PN started the shift from the deployable Naval task force (NTF) to the territorial NTF on November 4, 2001. Naval Staff Flag-Officer-in-Command, PN (FOIC-PN) Vice Flag Officer in Command, PN Chief of Naval Staff Commander, Philippine Fleet Commander, Marine Corps Coordinating Staff (Assistant Naval Staff) Personnel (N1) Intelligence (N2) Operations (N3) Logistics (N4) Plans and Programs (N5) Civil Military Operations and Environmental Management(N7) Training and Education (N8) Ships and Yards (N-9) Reservist and Retirees Affairs (N10) Weapons, Communications, Electronics and Information Systems (N11) Special Staff, PN Commanding Officer, HPN and HSG Naval Procurement Officer Housing Administrator Naval Inspector General (NIG) Type Commands Philippine Fleet The Philippine Navy has only one fleet, reorganized and redesignated on March 1, 1988 from Naval Defense Force Sangley Point, Cavite City. The Philippine Fleet organizes, trains, equips, maintains and operates ships and aircrafts for naval warfare operation. The Fleet is organized into Naval Operational Commands, Naval Support Commands, and Naval Special Units. Also under the Fleet are the following combat units: Ready Force (activated on November 16, 1964) Patrol Force Service Force (activated on May 9, 1955) Assault Craft Force for Coastal and Security Operations (formerly Assault Craft Force, redesignated on March 1, 1988) Naval Air Group (NAG) (formerly Naval Air Section redesignated on September 16, 1975) Naval Special Warfare Group (SWG) Naval Operational Commands The Naval Forces are the frontliners of the country's naval defense, established in 1996 to replace the Naval Districts. They are given the mission 'to conduct naval and maritime territorial defense operations, internal security operations and such other activities to support naval administration, logistics, service support and community development within their areas of responsibility in order to protect and defend the country's maritime jurisdiction. Naval Forces Northern Luzon (NAVFORNOL, formerly Naval Forces North), Poro Point, San Fernando, La Union Naval Forces Southern Luzon (NAVFORSOL, activated in 2003), Brgy. Rawis, Legaspi City, Albay Naval Forces Central (NAVFORCEN), Mactan, Cebu Naval Forces West (NAVFORWEST), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Naval Forces Western Mindanao (NAVFORWEM, formerly Naval Forces South) Naval Forces Eastern Mindanao (NAVFOREM, activated in 2003), Davao City Naval Sea Systems Command (formerly Naval Support Command, NASCOM) Naval Sea Systems Command (NSSC), provides repair and maintenance of ships, aircraft and their weapons, communications and electronic equipment in order to sustain the naval defense capability of the PN. Based at Fort San Felipe, Cavite City. Naval Education and Training Command (NETC), provides education and training to maintain a high degree of discipline, competence and technical proficiency. Based at NS San Miguel, San Antonio, Zambales. Naval Aviation Training Squadron (formerly Naval Aviation School Center). Naval Intelligence and Security Force (NISF), conducts intelligence and counter-intelligence operations in support of other naval operations. Based at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. Naval Logistics Center, procures and maintains; manages supplies and materials; operates equipment and facilities and render related services in support of the logistics requirement of PN units. Based at Fort San Felipe, Cavite City. Naval Construction Brigade (Seabees), conducts naval construction and combat engineering operations. Base at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. PN Finance Center, provides prompt and timely financial services essential to the administration and operation of the PN. Naval Reserve Command (NAVRESCOM), formerly Home Defense Command, organizes, trains, equips the naval reservists in order to have a base for expansion of the Regular force in the event of war, invasion or rebellion and disaster and calamities. Based at Fort Santiago, Manila. Naval Base Cavite, provides support services to the PN, and other AFP tenant units in the base complex. Established on September 1977 and based at Fort San Felipe, Cavite City. Manila and Cavite Naval Hospitals, provide hospital and outpatient medical service to PN personnel and their dependents. Bonifacio Naval Station, replicates most functions of the Naval Base Cavite for PN units located in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. Special Units Navy Special Warfare Group (SWG) Supporting the Marines is the Philippine Navy's Special Search and kill Group (SWAG) whose main unit is the Philippine SEALs (Sea-Air-Land). The Search and kill brigade is divided into thirty Killer teams. Their basic training lasts six months and has a 75% to 90% percent dropout rate. SEAL training includes demolitions, cartography, scuba, parachuting and hand-to-hand combat,Silent killing, Underwater fighting skills or UFS. SEALs train regularly with their American counterparts in an annual amphibious exercise codenamed "Palau". In 1996, Filipino and American SEALs trained in Palawan island near the Spratlys. Mine Warfare Group Philippine Marine Corps The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) provides armed units for amphibious and other military operations to accomplish the Philippine Navy's missions. Organized in the 50's by then Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay, as a hard-hitting, rapid deployment, seaborne force, capable of fighting in all-weather conditions. They are usually deployed in concert with other units from the major commands to any hotspot in the country. Personnel strength is about 400 officers and 7,700 enlisted personnel. Marine Units 1st Marine Brigade 2nd Marine Brigade 3rd Marine Brigade Combat Service and Support Brigade 4th Marine Brigade (Reserve) Force Recon Battalion Marine Security and Escort Group Marine Corps Training Center Marine Ready Force Marine Brigade There are ten Marine infantry battalions in the PMC. They are organized as three battalions in a Marine Brigade. One battalion (approximately 500 men) is usually rotated to HQ,PMC in Marine Base Ternate for refitting and retraining, and r&r for about six months or more and then redeployed again to the field. Each battalion have three rifle companies and an attached HQ and Service Support company (with heavy weapons) the battalion and maybe augmented with supporting units for its specific mission. These can be additional vehicles for transport, wheeled armored vehicles, amphibious assault vehicles, artillery, watercraft, etc. A MBLT is a combined arms force of the Fleet-Marine Team that will project power from the sea, through amphibious operations inland from the coastline. The Combined Arms concept integrates infantry, armor, artillery, CSS and more recently special operations capability into the battalion making it able for independent action on ground operations. The MBLT and its components in 48 hours can be ready to move by Land, Air or Sea to the objective area and carry out operations depending on available shipping and aircraft. Combat Service and Support Brigade The Combat Service and Support Brigade consist of the Field Artillery Battalion (FABN) an the Assault Armor Battalion (AABN), and are assigned to support Marine operations in the field. The FABN is the fire support unit of the PMC and is tasked to provide artillery fire support under different combat conditions, as well as to provide ground and reinforcing artillery fire support. It is likewise capable of conducting defensive operations during hostile ground attack. Activated on January 1, 2000 pursuant to HPMC GO Nr 23 dated January 20, 2000. It is composed of a Headquarters and Service Company (HSC), and several Howitzer Batteries each designated as a Marine Company, common to all Marine line and support companies. The unit started as a three batteries activated in 1974 to complement the warfighting capability of the Philippine Marines at the height of the secessionist movement in Mindanao. These batteries used the 105 mm Pack Howitzer Oto-Melara Model 56/14 from Italy and the 105 mm Howitzer M101A1 from the US. The FABN Headquarters and Service Company provides command control, administration and command support function, as well as organic supply and organizational maintenance support to the battalion and its subordinate units. It is likewise tasked to provide saluting battery during ceremonial activities not only for the PMC but for the PN and the AFP as well, and it is likewise well capable of providing selective air defense. The other operating howitzer batteries perform fire support operations for the different Marine Battalion Landing Teams (MBLT) in the operating areas and also complementing ground fire support operations for the AFP task Forces. They not only participate in these ground operations but in defensive operations as well. The AABN is the light armor unit of the PMC assigned under HQS Combat and Service Support Brigade (CSSB). It is tasked to close in and destroy the enemy using light armor protected firepower, shock effect, maneuver and mobile fire support. It is capable of conducting offensive or delaying operations in support of Marine combat troops during amphibious assault and subsequent operations and/or sustained operations ashore. Furthermore, it is capable of limited screen, reconnaissance, and surveillance during advance force operations and/or sustained operations and to conduct security operation either independently or with infantry troops and any task organized forces and provide limited support to logistical tasks for these units. Activated in 1974 and was redesignated as Assault Armor Battalion on January 1, 2000 pursuant to HPMC GO Nr 23 dated January 20, 2000 in order to upgrade its capabilities and make way for the arrival of the LVTP7 family of amphibious vehicles. It is composed of a Headquarters and Service Company (HSC), and several armor vehicle companies, each designated as a Marine Company with numerical assignment starting with seven, common to all Marine line and support companies. These armor vehicle companies are categorized as an Armor Maintenance Company (Armor Mnt Co), an Assault Amphibian Vehicle Company (AAV Co), and Light Armor Vehicle Company (LAV Co). The Armor Mnt. Co is asked to provide intermediate-level armor vehicle maintenance support of armor vehicles, turret/armament, and communications systems by means of periodic preventive maintenance check, component replacement or overhaul/repair. It is capable of providing technical assistance and overflow organizational maintenance for supported units, as well as providing technical inspection services in support of armor vehicle maintenance program of the PMC. The AAV Co on the other hand is tasked to land, transport and project assault troops during amphibious assault operations and sustained combat operations ashore. It is capable of providing surface ship-to-shore lift capabilities during amphibious assault; transport personnel supplies in conjunction with tactical operations; lift battalion-size combat elements in a single lift; and maintain motor vehicles and armor assets organic to the company. Additionally, the LAV Co is tasked to provide protected transport and mobile fire support for combat troops in the conduct of ground operations and in such other sustained operations ashore. It can provide light armored protected transport; fire support, and maneuver of Marine units in a mechanized mode as spearhead for ground tactical operations. The first armored vehicles utilized by the Marines in the 50's were the US M-3A1 Armored Scout Cars used by Marine Platoons in support of their operations. The first Armored Amphibious Vehicles were the LVT3C. These were later replaced by the Landing Vehicle Tracked Personnel (LTVP5) the Landing Vehicle Tracked Howitzer (LTVP-H6 armed with the short barrelled 105 mm howitzer) and the Engineering version (LVT-E5). The LVTH6 were used as fire support vehicles (FSV) during the early Mindanao campaigns in the 70's. Later during the 80's several V-150 Cadillac Gage Commando armored vehicles were provided to the Corps. These were complemented later in 1995 by 24 units V-300 Commando Series of Light Armor Vehicles (LAV), 12 of which is fitted with the Cockerill 90 mm Gun MK.3. The Marine light armor vehicles were extensively used during the height of the recent 2000 conflict in Mindanao. Its companies were attached to the different Marine Brigades operating intensively in the area and have significantly contributed much in the neutralization of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in Central Mindanao especially during the siege for government control of the Narciso Ramos Highway. Furthermore, the unit was eventually attached to the AFP Task Force TRIDENT during its mass offensive operations against the Abu Sayaff Group (ASG) in the province of Sulu, and was successfully utilized in support of the Marine Battalions operating under the different AFP Task Forces in the past. Throughout its numerous and extensive operations, the unit has constantly carried out its mission despite of its limited resources and has contributed much to the combined arms concept of the PMC. It has ensured the maintenance of its combat readiness to deliver timely and accurate massive mobile fire support and troop transport to the operating Marines in the field. Force Recon Battalion The Force Reconnaisance (Recon) battalion is used for rapid airlift to troubled areas. This Recon battalion is also trained in shipboarding attacks. They act as an independent battalion, which can be deployed in any marine operations country-wide. Marine Security & Escort Group (MSEG) The MSEG is tasked to provide security to naval operating bases, vital government institutions and installations, security to authorized personages and provide ceremonial honors and escort services. It is an integral part of the Philippine Marine Corps and is inherently a combatant force - a Marine can never be assigned to this unit without gaining the required combat assignments in the operational area. As such, its officers and men are combat veterans and basically riflemen. This means that the group can be deployed and re-deployed to any place at any time. In fact, during the height of the East Timor conflict, a great bulk of the Marine contingent came from the MSEG. The detail posted at Luneta is from the MSEG. Marine Ready Force The Philippine Marine Ready Force, a brigade size unit composed of units from the Combat Service and Support Brigade as well as MBLTs currently based in Manila and attached to the Ready Force. This unit forms part of the AFP National Maneuver Force tasked for deployment to any point in the country where they are needed. Marine Corps Training Center The MCTC provides education, training and doctrines development of Marines and is pursuing a rigorous training program. Naval Bases Naval Operating Base (NOB) San Vicente, Cagayan Marine Base, Ternate, Cavite (MBT) Ulugan, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Lapu-Lapu City Mactan Island, Cebu Sangley Point, Cavite Fort San Felipe, Cavite City Batu-batu, Tawi-Tawi Naval Stations Balabac Quezon San Miguel, Zambales Guimaras Legaspi Poro Point Pagasa Island Ayungin Gen. Santos Davao Zamboanga Margosatubig, Zamboanga City Naval Air Stations San Vicente, Cagayan Comprehensive History of the Philippine Navy parts by Joselito Zulueta The Archipelagic Imperative The history of the Philippine Navy etches the evolution of maritime thinking among Filipinos. It is the chronicle of the rise of national consciousness on the importance of the seas that surround and traverse the scattered islands of the Philippines. It is the saga of a people coming to terms with the dire imperatives of the geography they have been born in, a geography they have been born in, a geography that is dictated not so much by land as it is by water, for better or for worse. The story of the Philippine Navy is, in a sense therefore, the story of the nation itself. Although standard Filipino textbooks on geography and the social science include the cliché that the Philippines has a coastline longer than that of the United States, which has the world’s most powerful navy, there has been, perhaps even to this day – only a token appreciation of the maritime pressures that come with having 12,500 nautical miles of coastline. The recognition has come belatedly because of the urgent environment and geopolitical challenges facing the country’s marine territory and its resources. Why the recognition has come late is perplexing. To be sure, the Philippines has had a long history of occupation by foreign powers, all of them coming in from the maritime backdoor. Spain was the impregnable naval power of its day. It had to yield it’s last colonies like the Philippines to the United States in much the same way it had earlier shed off some measure of its military invincibility in the face of challenges by its imperialistic rivals: through a battle to the death on the seas. The United States itself announced its johny-come-lately imperialistic intent by taking the high seas. Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan developed the doctrine of the United States as a naval power, and the American leadership seemed to have agreed with him when it sent ships to fight Spain for a share of the world’s vanishing forest of colonies. Today, the US is unchallenged on the seas, its naval bases at home and abroad so positioned as to reflect its strategy of forward deployment and to project American power worldwide for both allies and foes. Until recently, the Philippines hosted the biggest overseas naval facility of the US. But decades of playing innkeeper to American troops and ships seemed not to have significantly changed the deficient state of maritime consciousness in the country. The Filipinos have imbibed just about everything American—from hamburgers to Hollywood movies—except maritime correctness. Even at the height of American involvement in Vietnam, in which the Philippines played a not-so-paltry role in the US strategy of communist containment by hosting the US bases, there were still many Filipinos who took the sea for granted. And even after the retreat of the Americans from Vietnam and the beefing up of Cam Ranh Bay by the communists, Filipinos could afford to defer any sea-change in maritime thinking. Surprisingly, the basis for complacency was also the basis for alarm. Filipino leaders could point to the as reason for their confidence that nothing untoward was going to happen. 'We had the advantages of an insular country', recalls retired Rear Adm. Simeon M. Alejandro. 'There was wide span of water between Vietnam and the Philippines.' Today, the statement of geographical fact should not be taken as a license for complacency. In the first place, it is ironical that while two-third of the earth’s surface is covered by water, the oceans remain a daunting frontier for knowledge. The United Nations in fact has declared 1998 as the Year of the Ocean in order to urge people to deepen their understanding of the sea, specifically on how global weather patterns and other environmental phenomena are influenced by what goes under it. Filipinos should do no less in acquainting themselves with the seas around them. They should reflect on how the seas have played an important role in fashioning a nation that was the first in Asia to declare its independence from western colonialism. And they should reflect on how the seas will continue to play a significant role in the challenge of nation-building. The reckoning comes at a most propitious year, 1998: the Centennial of the Philippine Independence, the United Nations’ Year of the Ocean, and the Centennial of the Philippine Navy. Archipelagic Riddle If there’s one motif with which to explain the logic of Philippines history, it is the quest for unity amidst the barriers of culture and geography. But since the Philippines is an archipelagic country, it can be said that even cultural divisions have geographical determinants in them. In this respect, the country's archipelagic make-up and the difficulties of integrating the scattered islands to one sovereign unit, is not alone a political conundrum, it is also a maritime riddle. Starting in the 1950s, the Philippines had insisted on the recognition of the archipelagic concept as part of public international law. The Philippines only managed to win recognition of the concept three decades later when the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea was signed. The Convention recognized an archipelago as an integrated unit in which 'the islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical, economic and political entity.' But it has been easier to get the archipelagic concept into the international statutes than to have its ramifications on naval defense and marine development be appreciated by Filipinos. This is puzzling considering a key lesson in history: the fate of the Philippines since time immemorial has always been closely linked with the sea. The first Filipinos were Malay fisher, hunter and unsettled cultivators from Southeast Asia who came to be the islands in frail boats. Settling in the coastal areas, they traded regularly with merchant boats from China, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. They themselves fitted their own ships and went on trading voyages across Southeast Asia. The ancient Filipinos, particularly the Pintados, were known as coastal raiders during the early Spanish colonial era. The rode fast boats called "Kora-Kora" (capable of 15 knots), which can carry 200 warriors and up to six "Lantakas" or native cannons. They raided southern Chinese provinces and waged battle against Spanish forts and galleons which they out-speed by at least 9 knots. Moros also effectively used these boats agaisnt the Spanish colonial forces. After Miguel Lopez de Legazpi sent Marshal Martin de Goiti to head the naval force that will capture Manila, Rajah Soliman assembled a fleet of warboats armed with cannons and other artillery pieces forged by Panday Pira. On June 3, 1571, Rajah Soliman's flotilla fought with the naval force of Marshal de Goiti at the north shore of Manila bay. It was a bloody battle and Rajah Soliman heroically died in battle called the Battle of Bangkusay. The outcome of the battle sealed the fate of Manila and made Rajah Soliman the country's first naval hero. The marine factor was ever present in Spain’s long rule in the Philippines. Many times, Spain’s occupation was challenged by European power and just as many, Spain retained its hold on the colony through decisive naval engagements the against the invaders, some of the victories achieved in the face of great odds that were nothing short of miraculous. Spain also fortified towns to protect them from Muslim marauders who came on vessels of great maneuverability to kidnap Christians and sell them to the slave trade in the south. Spain also established shipyards where Filipinos showed an innate talent for shipbuilding. It carried out the famed and profitable galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco that opened the Philippines to the world – and many of its modern ideas that sowed the seeds of nationalism and independence among educated Filipinos. It is not surprising then that the first Filipino – that is , the first one to have ever conceived of Filipino nationhood – was also student of seapower. Jose Rizal (1861-1896) grew up in the lakeshore town of Calamba in Laguna de Bay, the country’s largest lake. True to his beginnings, Rizal opened his second novel El Filibusterismo with a scene in a steamship navigating its way in the Pasig River toward Laguna. Rizal seems also the first Filipino to have recognized the crucial part a navy plays in uniting the islands. He established the short-lived La Liga Filipina exactly to unite Filipinos scattered over the archipelago into one, homogenous body. Apparently taking heed from the admonition of his European friend Ferdinand Blumentritt that an insurrection without a navy would not succeed considering the Philippines' insular character, Rizal rejected an armed rising as contemplated by the Katipunan, calling it premature. He probably had never personally met Rizal, but Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) of Cavite shared Rizal’s view on the need to unify the islands though a working navy. Like Rizal, Aguinaldo was a Tagalog, the abbreviated from of taga-ilog, river denizen. He also evolved appreciation of seapower because he was born in province that hosted a big Spanish naval base. We do not know if he also agreed with Rizal that a revolution was premature at that time, but the fact is that Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan. When the secret society was discovered by authorities, he took to the battlefront despite the movement’s poor arms and general unpreparedness. Although Aguinaldo won most of his battles on land, he came around early to the conclusion that the Filipino nation could not be properly called so without a navy to bridge the wide divide of cultures owing to the island’s unique to topography. Aguinaldo’s recognition of the naval factor is illustrated in the Biak-na-Bato Constitution (framed in 1897 in San Miguel, Bulacan) that called for Philippine separation from Spain and envisioned the creation of a Supreme Consisting of the President, vice-president, secretary of foreign affairs, secretary of war , secretary of interior and secretary of finance. Among others, the council was authorized to organize 'privateering and issue letters of marque and reprisals'. This meant that the government could license privately owned and operated vessel to prey upon enemy vessels, in this case, Spanish ship, for the prosecution of the war. The English version of the Biak–na–Bato constitution – apparently done during Aguinaldo’s exile in Hong Kong after the signing of the truce with the Spaniards, clearly showed his intent of forming a navy. Mention is made of a navy to be created 'when the necessary army is organized … for the protection of the coasts of the Philippine archipelago and its seas; then a secretary of the navy shall be appointed and the duties of his office added to this Constitution'. President Aguinaldo appointed Senor Pascual V. Ledesma, a merchant marine master, the Director of the Navy with the rank of General. In appears then that his Hong Kong exile afforded Aguinaldo a keener appreciation of the marine factor. In fact, Aguinaldo used the reprieve to buy arms and equipment for the revolution. One of the orders he made was for a 'motor launch to be used as a nucleus of an interisland transport system.' In order to hasten the movement of his troops and to expand the Revolution beyond the Tagalog Region. The recognition came also because of an exigency. The United States had declared war on Spain over the controversial Maine episode in Cuba. In fact, upon reaching Hong Kong, where the US naval force was passing en route to Manila, Aguinaldo was requested for a conference by US officials and asked to return to the Philippine to resume the war of independence against Spain. Meanwhile, Commodore George Dewey had defeated the Spanish force led by Adm. Patricio Montojo on Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. On May 19, Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite on board the American vessel McCulloch and conferred later with Dewey aboard the Olympia. Dewey had known fully well he did not have enough forces to capture Manila and he needed Aguinaldo’s help to keep the arrival of American reinforcements. And so Dewey assured Aguinaldo of American support and handed over to him the small steam pinnace of the Spanish man-of-war Reina Cristina, Adm. Montojo’s flagship. The vessel was quickly name Magdalo in honor of Aguinaldo. On May 20, 1898 Aguinaldo had the Philippine flag hoisted on the ship which was allowed by the Americans on Manila Bay to sail from coast to coast. Thus the Magdalo became the first vessel of the Revolutionary Navy and probably the bearer of the Philippine flag, antedating even the flag’s first exhibit and proclamation as official symbol of the nation on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo formally declared Philippine Independence. Aguinaldo began to form a navy that would be used to strengthen the revolutionary cause. Wealthy nationalist relinquished their merchant steamboats to this navy, to be fitted with weapons. The Revolutionary Navy spread the nationalist fire to the countryside, engaging Spanish forces in battle, delivering ammunition to land forces and collecting funds for the cause and establishing inter-island communications. But the Americans later recanted their promise of support to the revolutionarist, with Spain ceding the country to America. The Americans took over and immobilized the Revolutionary navy. The pioneering sailors, brought their fight to the countryside until the formal surrender of the Revolutionary government. The Short-lived National Navy One can make important readings – cosmic geopolitical of Dewey’s act of handing Aguinaldo the first vessel of the insurgent navy. Although Aguinaldo was not naïve and was forever evaluating American intentions on the Philippines, he must have known he was playing with fire in drafting American support to the independence movement. That Dewey had to repeatedly urge Aguinaldo to go back to his men and 'not to give up' the war now sounds like a Mephistophelean temptation, with Aguinaldo striking the classic Faustian bargain in asking for US support to the Revolution. And if he were giving the American the benefit of the doubt, was the pinnace that he cloaking its planter’s dark intent owes to its incorrigibility. But the American advance to the Philippines was not surprising. Like the Spaniards centuries before them, the Americans had to wrest the Philippines through naval means. For the moment, however, Aguinaldo had his nascent navy consisting of the Magdalo and other steam launches captured from the Spaniards. Refitted for war, these vessels would help the revolutionary cause by moving troops, arms and supplies to distant provinces. To be sure, they play a decisive role in the insurgency as, for example, in the raid on Bacoor Bay against the Spanish garrison and the Spanish powder magazine, which naval historians now call the first amphibious assault of the Revolutionary Navy. The fleet was reinforced by merchant ship such as the Taaleño, Balayan and Purisima Conception that had been donated to the insurgent forces. Another key addition was the Compania de Filipinas, the 800-ton Spanish steamer belonging to the Compania General de Tabacos. The vessel had been seized by a mutinous, largely Filipino crew under the fiery Cuban-Spanish Vicente Catalan who hoisted the Filipino flag and proclaimed himself 'Admiral of the Filipino Navy.' In July 5,1898, Adm. Catalan with his Filipino sailors helped seize Subic Bay. The mutiny and seizure of the ship became an international cause when the Germans objected to the Filipino flag and the French demanded the ship‘s return to them, claiming they actually owned it. Despite the diplomatic backlash from foreign power, the international incident drew attention to the increasingly aggressive campaign of the Filipino to oust the Spaniards and establish an independent republic. For his part, Aguinaldo tirelessly pursued the unification of the islands under the revolutionary government by deploying the naval fleet to various parts of the country to engage the Spanish force and rally Filipinos behind the insurgency. The expeditions became virtual caravans for independence and fires of nationhood to every part of the archipelago. No more could it be said that the movement for independence that was started by the Katipunan was merely confined to the Tagalogs. Aguinldo’s military successes and the widening swathe of territory being won by the insurgents buttressed the June 12 declaration of independence. On June 23, he decreed the establishment of a revolutionary government, which created the Department of Foreign Relations with the bureaus of diplomacy, navy and commerce under it. But he delayed the organization of the navy and commerce bureaus in order to concentrate on diplomacy and to win over the power into recognizing Philippine belligerency. But as tension with the Americans grew following the fall of Manila on August 13, Aguinaldo created the Bureau of Navy on September 26 and appointed Pascual Ledesma as its first director. The Navy was strengthened by the Malolos Constitution that was passed on January 21, 1899 which made the President of the Republic the commander in chief of the army and the navy, and transferred the Bureau of navy to the Department of War, which thereby became the Department of War and Navy. So successful was the Revolutionary Navy in Prosecuting the war against Spain that, ironically enough, Aguinaldo paved the way for the swift American conquest of the islands. One American observer years later would write that the Filipino forces so successful in their war against Spain that 'the only job for them (the Americans) was the capture of Manila.' Predictably enough, Dewey’s first acts of provocation were navy-inspired. In October 1898 he started confiscating steamers and launches flying the Filipino flag. There followed a naval blockade to limit further operations of Aguinaldo’s forces. The decimation of the Revolutionary Navy was the beginning of the end for the independence movement. Superior American forces eased out the poorly financed and ill-equipped Filipino troops from the positions they had won from Spain. Aguinaldo turned to guerrilla warfare, but he was in constant flight until he was captured in Palanan, Isabela in 1901. With their hope of independence extinguished by the Americans, Aguinaldo’s dream of a nation, unified by a strong navy, was shattered. Naval Defense Doctrine The consolation seems to have been that Filipino maritime skills were developed during the American era. Even when the insurgents were still carrying out their guerrilla war, the Americans created the Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation for the maintenance of peace and order, the transportation of constabulary troops, and the guarding of the coastline against smuggling. Many Filipino seamen were integrated in the bureau and others were employed in other naval-related divisions of agencies such as the Bureau of Customs and Immigration, Bureau of Island and Inter-island Transportation, Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Bureau of Lighthouses. Earlier, the Americans had reopened the Escuela Nautica de Manila (later renamed Philippine Nautical School) where Annapolis methods were gradually introduced. Annapolis itself accepted its first Filipino recruit in 1919. Filipinos were also enlisted to the US navy, as they had been before to the Spanish navy. As a result, Filipinos began to imbibe the American naval tradition. They also learned US naval doctrine which today a great grandson of Emilio Aguinaldo, Annapolis-trained Lt. Joseph Abaya of the Philippine Navy describes as 'power projection, projecting the flag as something intrinsic to the navy mission'. The making of the naval defense doctrine seem to have been carried out in earnest during the Commonwealth Government. But since war clouds had started to appear at that time due to the first stirrings of Japanese expansionism, the Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. Quezon started office on frayed nerves, rushing the passage of a national defense bill to ensure the security of the country. Drawn up by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, who had been named military adviser to the Commonwealth by Quezon, the national defense plan was quickly adopted by Congress and signed by the President, but not after being subjected to the crucible of public debate which revolved mainly around its alleged poor insights on Philippine naval defense requirements. MacArthur’s defense plan, which became Commonwealth Act No. 1, called for the establishment of the Philippine Army. But it seems to have discounted the critical need to have an effective air force and navy in order to ward off invaders even before they touch land. Although the plan called for the formation of an 'off-shore patrol' (composed of high-speed, torpedo-launching craft) as the marine division of the Army, it formed mainly from the ranks of reservists. The creation of the OSP was an offshoot of a news report that a 'mystery flotilla' was sighted conducting maneuvers off Davao Gulf on April 10, 1938. Acting on the news report, President Quezon ordered on the creation of the Off Shore Patrol (OSP) in February 9, 1939 as a unit of the Philippine Army, which was headquartered at Muelle del Codo, Port Area. In 1937, MacArthur asked the US Navy if they could provide MTBs and since they had none, negotiations were made with V. Thornycroft Inc, England. On April 15, 1938 when Thornycroft started construction of the initial two MTBs, Maj. Rafael Ramos, a Nautical School graduate known personally by Quezon was designated the first Chief, OSP to recruit personnel. On June 18, Lt. Jose Andrada, USNA '31 replaced Maj. Ramos who was sent to US Army School to later head the Quartermaster service. Capt. Andrada recruited two Annapolis graduates, Lt. Alfredo Peckson, USNA '33 and Lt. Marcelo Castillo, USNA '38 and seven PMA graduates by the end of 1938. The first MTB was named Q-112 "Abra" arrived March 1939 and the second later known as Q-111 "Luzon" on June 1939. As WW II started in Europe in 1939, arrangements were made with Thornycroft Inc., to provide the engine for the local building of the hull by the Engineer Island. In 1940, two more US Navy and seven PMA graduates joined the OSP and on March 1941 the locally made MTB by Engr. Bernardo Abrera was completed and successfully tested and named Q-113 "Agusan", and the keels of the next 8 Q-boats were laid. For the next six months, intensive training aboard the Q-Boats were held, permanent officers and crew were selected and the 1st Q-Boat Squadron was organized while war clouds were starting to gather. On September 1941, USN PT RON 3 under Lt. J D Bulkeley composed of six Patrol (PT) Boats arrived in Manila. The Q-Boats and PT Boats conducted joint training on October to November 1941. On Dec 4, 1941, Capt. Enrique L Jurado USNA '34 relieved Maj. Andrada as Chief, OSP. Andrada was assigned to command the Coast Artillery Battalion at Fort Wint. Critics of the plan were not impressed. Joseph Ralston Hayden, the vice-governor general, disagreed that the motor boat patrol and army bombers would be able to deny the use of territorial waters to hostile surface craft. 'That a relatively small fleet of armed speed boats would be a serious problem for the Japanese navy is, at least, doubtful', he said, adding that such craft could not operate effectively in rough waters. Most important, the plan, according to Hayden, disregarded the possibility of a worthy strategic naval defense for an archipelagic country. He said, 'The main coastline of Luzon could logically repulse any external force, but the remaining two-thirds of the archipelago, considering its inadequate defense, would be predisposed to easy predatory attacks.' Camilo Osias of the National Assembly summed up the critique on the MacArthur-Quezon defense plan. 'In order to have adequate national defense.' he said, 'you must have defense ashore, afloat and aloft.' When War broke out in the pacific, on December 8, 1941, this fledging fleet, composed of fast and highly maneuverable motor torpedo boats known as Q-boats, was committed against the Japanese Imperial Navy. Undaunted by enemy superiority, the ubiquitous patrol boats fought with zeal, courage and heroism hitting Japanese warships with torpedoes when given the opportunity. One legendary feat recounts an attack by nine Japanese planes on a single Q-boat out at sea. Instead of retreating, the Q-boat fought back with accurate fire downing three enemy planes in the process. Because of its intrepid and successful raids on enemy ships, the squadron was dubbed the 'Mosquito Fleet' mainly because of its minuscule size and its capability to attack with a deadly sting. The squadron relied on speed and surprise to attack larger vessels at close range. As a result, 65% of its men were awarded the Silver Star Medal and other decorations for gallantry in action. This is a heroic legacy that the Philippine Fleet cherishes, perpetuates and lives by to this day and onward. After the war, the OSP was redesignated as Philippine Naval Patrol (PNP) on October 24, 1947 pursuant to GO number 228 issued by then Gen. Jalandoni. Under this reorganization law of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine Naval Patrol was elevated as one of its major command. After ironing out every detail of the reorganization as mandated by the Executive order, the Philippine naval Patrol was formally organized on June 2, 1948. Col. Jose V. Andrada was designated as commander, Philippine Naval Patrol. This title of his rank was later changed to Navy Captain, by authority of Sec 18 of Executive Order Number 94. The Philippine Navy Patrol expanded with the integration of Marine Battalion, Underwater operations Unit, and Naval Air Unit to the Command. As it acquired bigger patrol and transport ships, the Patrol Force and the Service Force was also created, . Then pursuant to Executive Order Number 389 dated December 23, 1950, the Armed Forces of the Philippines were reorganized into four major commands. President Elpidio Quirino followed through the naval organizational reforms of Roxas. On January 5, 1951, he issued Executive order No. 389 designating the Philippine Naval Patrol as the Philippine Navy to be composed of 'all naval forces, combat vessels, auxiliary craft, naval air craft, shore installations supporting units necessary to carry out all the functions of the services.' Even before Quirino signed the order recasting the Naval Patrol into the Philippine Navy, his defense secretary, Ramon Magsaysay, had formed a Marine batallion in 1950 as a unit of the Naval Patrol to carry out amphibious attacks on the Hukbalahap (Huk) communist guerillas in the coast, as well as to strike out against lawless elements. Their baptism of fire came in 1951 in Nueva Ecija when they overwhelmed a Huk camp. Three years later, the backbone of the Huk movement was destroyed. The Philippine Marines became known then as a formidable seaborne, counter-insurgency force. The decade that followed the Navy’s establishment as a major service of the Armed Forces saw it develop into an increasingly complex organization. Aside from the Marines, there emerged the Naval Shore Establishment, Naval Operating Forces, Philippine Coast Guard, Home Defense Command, the Military Sealift and Terminal Command and other major units of the service. By the 1960s, the Philippine Navy was the envy of the region. Although the naval fleet consisted mostly of Second World War hand-me-downs from the US Navy, it was still—in the 1960s—relatively young, having been only around for two decades. The nascent nation-states in the region were only beginning to form their own navies and often looked to the Philippines for inspiration and guidance in maritime defense (for example, Indonesia signed a joint patrol agreement with the Philippines in 1961). Although the Philippines at that time could look at the world as a horizon that had its share of promises as well as threats for a young maritime nation like itself, it could never have anticipated that the principal dynamic that would turn back its naval-defense development would be a series of internal conflicts and political crises that would not only make its strategic defense considerations shift even more inward, but also impair and lay to waste whatever defense system it had put up to deal primarily with external threats. The need to quell the communist insurgency and the secessionist movement in Mindanao forced the government to put a premium on strengthening the ground-force capability of the Armed Forces. Vice Adm. Eduardo Ma. R. Santos, one of the past FOICs, points out that for more than 20 years the Navy’s defense operations were confined to 'blockage, naval gunfire support, and moving troops' in and out of far-flung combat zones. Aggravating the damage inflicted by these armed conflicts were the political crises stemming from declaration of martial law in 1972 by President Ferdinand Marcos and his establishment of 'constitutional authoritarianism. This gave rise to pro-democracy challenges to his rule, leading to the assassination of his political oppositionist Benigno Aquino Jr. that compounded the collapse of the economy in 1983, and of the Marcos government itself in 1986. there followed aborted military putsches on the shaky democratic government of his successor, Corazon Aquino, severely disabling if not destroying whatever surviving defense materiel the Philippine still had at around that time. By the times things were simmering down to a semblance of peace and quite in the early 1990s, the American naval and air forces, stung by the Philippine Senate’s rejection of a treaty that would have prolonged their stay in the Philippines, were leaving in a huff. Suddenly, the Philippines saw its 'surrogate' navy and air force heading for gates of Subic and Clark, leaving the resident highly anxious about its national defense. Retired Commo. Jose Francisco sums up the state of mind of the Navy—and perhaps the rest of the Armed Forces—after the American withdrawal: 'All throughout the years the Americans were here, we had the military assistance agreement with them and logistical support from them, and all that the Philippine government had to do was pay our salaries. What happened was that we had indigestion. We knew it would not last, but when it did end, we were at a loss.' The American withdrawal is now largely seen as the inevitable and natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the close of bipolarism following the collapse of worldwide communism. The caveat is that it may have also resulted in a security vacuum in a region where tensions owing to deep-seated historic animosities and geopolitical disputes remain rife, a vacuum that may be filled up by next-in– line powers. The pull-out has also drawn renewed attention to Asian flashpoints, such as the Korean Peninsula and the Spratlys, that could bring nations into open conflict in the future. These developments hastened the passage of the AFP Modernization Law in 1995. The law remains to this day the best hope of ever realizing a credible naval force for the Philippines. Modernization is also expected to greatly enhance the Navy’s capacity to fulfill certain non-traditional tasks it has to take on as a result of recent developments. For example, the heightened consciousness on the need to protect the natural environment has enjoined the Navy to perform a more aggressive role in protecting the country’s extensive marine ecology. Moreover, the full implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas, which the Philippines signed in 1982, have only lately been appreciated. While the convention has put in check the Philippines’ historic territorial sea, it has also provided the country a 200-mile belt around the archipelago known as the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). But the windfall comes with a price: the pressure that will be brought to bear on security and defense as a result of more areas added to the national territory. The convention, in fact, allows innocent passage and archipelagic sealane passage which can be exploited by the unscrupulous and unfriendly elements to exploit the country’s resources or denigrate Philippine sovereignty. A dispute with Taiwan in 1991 over the 'innocent passage' of Taiwanese vessels in fish-rich areas in the north and northeast was just a variation of the security challenges that the convention poses on the Philippines. That dispute was settled because of the sincerity of both governments. Other states may not be as straightforward as Taiwan. These recent development should provide guideposts for the Philippine Navy in the coming years. Perhaps, they augur for a future that will see a closer welding of the fortunes of the Navy and the nation as a whole. Depending on the degree on which government comes to terms with the country’s marine realities and pursues the modernization of the Navy, the nation may ascend and falter, like the surge and ebb of waves that surround maritime Philippines, like the rise and fall that characterize much of history. Naval Operating Forces/ Naval Defense Forces On August 20, 1960, with the expansion of the Philippine Navy Organization, the Naval Operating Forces was activated as a major unit pursuant to HPN GO Number 14 to become the main fighting arm of the Philippine Navy. Units as well as their missions absorbed by the Naval Operating Forces and the Service Force (later deactivated on March 16, 1963), together with the marine Battalion, Underwater Operations UNIT, Naval Air Unit, and Small Craft Unit. The first commander was Capt. Juan Magluyan, PN (GSC). Through the years, the Naval Operating Forces grew and expanded with the acquisition of more vessels of various types. The Fleet underwent several reorganizations as the missions varied. New units were added such as the Anti-Submarine Force, the reactivated Service Force, Coast Guard Force, Mine Force and Ready Force. A year after the declaration of Martial Law in 1972, the Ready Force and the Marine Battalion were separated from the Naval Operating Forces. These became major units of the Philippine Navy. On April 22, 1976, the Naval Operating Force (NOF) became the Naval Defense Forces (NDF) with Capt. Leonardo G. Bugayong PN (GSC) as its first commander. A complete revamp of the organization set-up of the Naval Defense Forces was undertaken in order to make it more responsive to its new mission and to meet the increasing requirements of the new PN command. An offshoot of the organization was the adoption of the Type Command concept, which called for the activation of three major units the Patrol Escort Force, the Service Force and the Special Operation Force (SOF). The SOF took under the command the Small Craft Squadron and the Underwater Operations Group, which later became a Naval Craft Force and Naval Special Warfare Group respectively. Under this new set-up, the following units were also subsequently activated. Naval Air Group, Service Support Group, Material Support Group and Maintenance repair Group. On the other hand, on April 22, 1976 the Amphibious Strike Group was activated and under the operational control of Ready force 9a special unit under FOIC, PN) The turnover of the US Naval Station, Sangley point to the Philippine government on September 10, 1971 precipitated the birth of the sea-lift-Amphibious Command. Its operation was an offshoot of the expansion of the Philippine Navy and its increasing mandate in its socio-economic development program through transport and sealift missions. The forerunner of Sealift-amphibious Command (SAC) was the AFP Terminal Command (AFPTC), which was activated on January 9, 1972 serving as the logistic support base of the AFP under the administrative and operational control of theft Logistics Center. On June 6, 1972 the Chief of Staff Gen. Romeo C. Espino AFP transferring the administrative and operational control of AFPTC to AFP Logistics Center to the Philippine Navy issued General Orders number 561. As a result several transport vessels of the navy were assigned to the unit thereby expanding transport capability. On December 5, 1973, pursuant to GO Number 133 HPN, the Command was reorganized and subsequently renamed the Military Sealift and Terminal Command (MSTC) as one major unit of the Philippine Navy. Later the Command was designated as the Sea lift-Amphibious Command after all amphibious vessels and crafts of the then Naval Operating Forces were transferred to Military Sealift Terminal command on July 1, 1976. The Philippine Fleet Today On March 1, 1988, the Naval Defense Forces (NDF) and the Sealift-Amphibious Command (SAC) were merged as one command. All the personnel, equipment and facilities of the two deactivated units were transferred and assigned to Philippine Fleet. Its Headquarters was set up at the former Sealift-Amphibious Command Headquarters at Naval Base Cavite, Sangley Point, Cavite City. Commo. Juanito Cortez, AFP was designated as the first commander. The reorganized Philippine Fleet meet bigger challenges as well as to enable it to perform more effectively its role in naval defense and in support to national development efforts. Today, as a type command, the Fleet has major units, namely: the Ready Force, Patrol Force, Service Force and Fleet Support Group and special units, Naval Air Group, Naval Special Warfare Group and Fleet Training Group. The Philippine Fleet's mission is to prepare and operate assigned forces for naval operations in order to support the PN accomplish its mission. Its general objectives are to optimize operational readiness and combat effectiveness of equipment and personnel and effectively manage available resources through efficient internal administration. The specific functions of the Fleet are, first, to provide assets that will conduct continuous naval patrol, sea control and amphibious operations in order to defend the sovereignty of the country, its territorial waters and EEZ from foreign aggression, intrusion and exploitation. second, to assist in the conduct of national security operations and ensure safety and security of coastal areas. third, to employ assets to assist in the conduct of disaster response, particularly maritime search and rescue and patrol, sealift and other type of operations as directed. Fleet assets were able to detect and apprehend numerous lawless elements engaging in illegal maritime activities. These operations were conducted while vessels and aircraft were enroute to their designated Area of Operations and while still under the OPCON of PHILFLT. And to include some of its recent accomplishments are as follows: 1. Conducted and participated in search and rescue operation on M/V Princess of the Orient when it sank at vicinity of Carabao Island last September 1998. 2. Conducted search and rescue operation for ill-fated PAF Nomad aircraft carrying COMWESCOM and party last July 3, 2000. 3. The Fleet organized an Amphibious Task Force (ATF), composed of Transport and Patrol ships, Patrol Gunboats, aircraft and NSWG Teams to undertake amphibious operations in order to rescue the hostages of the Abu sayyaf Group (ASG) 4. The fleet ably supported the Joint Task Force Trident by deploying assets to support the conduct of Maritime negation and Patrol particularly in the island of Jolo. 5. Planned and executed all major activities in connection with the retirement of VADM FERNANDEZ AFP to witness the commissioning of PG-395, Testimonial Parade and Thanksgiving Night last November 20, 2000. The Fleet has greatly contributed in the Navy firm commitments in promoting regional security through the conduct of Bilateral Exercises with the US, Indonesia and Malaysia navies and PASSEXes with the other visiting foreign navies. Among the notable Bilateral Exercises conducted are as follows: 1. CARAT '98, with USS mobile Bay on August 5, 1998. 2. CARAT '99 participated by PS–37, PS-31, PG-392, DF-342 and PNI-304 from May 3 to June 1, 1999. 3. PASSEX with the Royal Thai Navy in 1998 4. PASSEX with the US Mobile bay in 1998. 5. PN International Korean Fleet review, 1998. 6. PALAH 01-'99 participated by four officers and twenty enlisted personnel from the NSWG and its USN personnel counterpart from May 3-21, 1999. 7. MARSURVEX with USN P-3C Orion aircraft participated PNI-304 and PAF OV-10 on June 1, 1999. 8. RANFCPKAKADU 4'99 participated by PS-17 and IC–550 at Darwin, Australia from July 20 to August 13, 1999. 9. Joint RP-US Military Training Exercise (BALIKATAN 2000) from February 21, to March 4, 2000. 10. CARAT 2000 from June 13-20, 2000 11. Exercise LUMBAS from September 15–22, 2000. 12. MARSURVEX from September 25-29, 2000. 13. MALPHILAUT3/2000 from November 13–22, 2000. 14. Flshpiston from August 4-25, 2000. 15. CORPAT PHILINDO from October 9–14, 2000 16. PN-USN PALAH 04-02, participated in by 35 PN and 20 US personnel at Zamboanga and Davao on February 16 to March 6, 2004 17. RP-US Maritime Surveillance Exercises (MARSURVEX 04-2), participated by 89 PN personnel, one patrol ship, one patrol gun boat, one PNARU vessel as target vessel, one PN Islander Aircraft and one SEAL Team and 21 US personnel, at Luzon Sea, Zambales on February 9-12 2004. 18. RP-US Balikatan '04, participated in by 2,196 RP and 2,033 US personnel at Puerto Princesa, Palawan; Fort Magsaysay; Clarkfield, Pampangga; Crow Valley; Capas,Tarlac; Ternate; and Basco, Batanes on February 23 to March 7, 2004. 19. SEA Cooperation Against Terrorism Exercise 2004 (SEACAT 04), participated in by two PN personnel held from Japan to Singapore on May 24-28, 2004. 20. PN-US Maritime/Navy-Royal Thai Navy Maritime/Sea Surveillance Exercise, participated in by four PN personnel at Thailand on May 10-15, 2004. 21. 2nd Western Pacific Naval Symposium (WPNS) Mine Countermeasure (MCMEX) and Dive Exercise (DIVEX), participated in by six PN personnel at Singapore on April 25 to May 8, 2004. The Fleet also emphasized the value of ship and crew readiness by providing support during the conduct of the following: - Naval-Air exercise 'Pagluwas '98.' - Air-Naval-Ground exercise 'Pagsanay '98.' - JFTX (SANGHAYA99) participated by LT–516, DF-339, PNI-323 and one officer and seven enlisted personnel from NSWG. - Boat Handling Exercise of 143rd NOQC 'B' using DF-339 from July 07–09, 1999 at Manila Bay. - PAGSASAMA99 – 1 Exercise participated by PS-70, PS-19 and PG-104 at Bohol and Cebu on August 5, 1999. - GUNNEX participated by PS-70, PS-31, PG-102, PG-381, PG-393, LC-551 (viewing flatform), DF-321 and DF-340 (marshal craft) on August 13, 1999. - In-service Training/OJT of PMA CL 99 Midshipmen from December 14, 1998 to February 7, 1999. - Sea Phase Training of 143rd NOQC 'B' from January 19, to February 1, 1999. - Sea phase Training of 198th BSC from March 01-07, 1999 (1st Batch) and March 08-13, 1999 (2nd Batch). - Summer Shipboard Training of 179 PMM from April 19-20, 1999 - Summer Shipboard Training og NS-43 Midshipmen from April 7, to June 4, 1999. - Fleet Training Cruise from October 2 to November 3, 2000. - Fleet Exercise Pagsisikap, participated in by 376 PN personnel on June 14-23, 2004 The AFP also continues to provide security to Malampaya Natural Gas Plant, two PN patrol vessels are stationed on a 24 hour basis throughout the year at the Exclusion Zone to secure the platform. To implement national defense policy in the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) and to protect the country's EEZ, the PN in 1998, had conducted 1,907 naval patrols covering 23,331.89 hours of steaming time and 143,307.88 nm. Thi led to eight apprehensions involving 11 vessels and 57 nationals accused of illegal entry and engaged in illegal fishing. A total of P1.7-M worth of goods were confiscated during the operations. In 2004, the PN patrol missions sighted two vessels and the apprehension of 1 Chinese fishing boat and 2 Chinese Nationals. Further, there were 144 Chinese fishing boats, 121 Vietnamese fishing vessels and 9 Vietnamese Cargo ships anchorage recorded for the first semester of 2004. Modernization Force Restructuring and Organizational Development Several objectives of the Force Restructuring Program have been accomplished. Noteworthy is the metamorphosis of the original six Naval Districts to four Naval Forces in 1996 and the transfer of the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) to the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) in 1998 and the creation of the Naval Reserve Command (NRC). The creation of the NRC stresses the importance and key role of a well-trained naval reserve force in maritime emergencies, both in time of war and peace. Meanwhile, the streamlining of the PN organization by transferring personnel from offices with non-mission critical functions to offices performing strategic functions has started. In the years to come, the structure of the Philippine Fleet will be re-defined to focus on specialized units. Human Resource Development For the morale and welfare of the personnel, the Command recently processed applications for educational benefits of Navy dependents who want to avail of the AFP Educational Benefits. The Navy also works to provide a more judicious promotion system, awards and decoration system, expanded health services and a more vigorous sports development program. Off-base housing projects complement base quarters provided to officers and enlisted personnel. The Navy has through the years, focused its attention to laying the groundwork for an optimized human resource management system. This is to ensure that the right number of personnel with the right skills will be available to man the new vessels and equipment upon their delivery. Towards this end, the Navy has implemented six fields of specialization for officers and skill development program for enlisted personnel to address the operational, technical and administrative requirement of modern equipment and systems. Doctrines Development In the hope of spurring the effort of creating valid principles and concepts to form part of the Naval Doctrine, the Command intends to develop greater awareness of the importance of doctrines among its personnel to serve the training and operational needs of the Navy. The analysis, methods and tools used to formulate doctrines will hence be institutionalized. Getting the job done is not the only thing to consider. During naval operations, existing laws, rules and regulations and current rules of engagement are of primary importance. Respect for human rights of combatant and non-combatants shall likewise be observed. Bases and Support System Development Naval bases and stations are maintained to support the strategic projection of naval ground, ground and air units of the navy throughout the archipelago. Several of them will be enhanced and modified to sustain naval operations in accordance with changing national defense strategy. To effectively project naval power in important sea-lanes and choke points, satellite bases and stations in the frontiers of the country shall be aggressively created. All base development plans shall include an environmental impact assessment, which shall contain among others, precautions to insure that toxic materials or pollutants, if any, emanating from base activities are contained and will not contaminate the environment. Capabilities Upgrade Program In 1993 to 1995 the PN conducted major overhauls of warships at the Cavite Naval Base. The overhauls involved the repowering of main and auxuliary engines, replacement of electrical systems, structural repairs and modifications, and weapons systems modernization/ overhauls. The Navy intends to begin an aggressive modernization program, but funding problems decreased the budget for such plans. Israeli Sa'ar 5 class guided-missile corvettes were offered but did not materialize. An ex-USN Cyclone class patrol craft recently entered service with the PN. Currently, the three ex-Royal Navy Peacock class Patrol Vessels (now the Jacinto class) are undergoing upgrades in its weapon systems, radar and sensors, making them the most capable vessels of the PN. The Philippine Marine Corps also re-activated some of its LVTH-6 amphibious assault vehicles for active duty and has received ballistic helmets and armor vests in 2005 as part of the PN CUP. Navy projects for 2006 includes acquisition of Multi-Purpose Attack Crafts (MPAC), with the PN issuing a notice of award to winning bidder, Maritime Partner AS, Norway on February 21, 2005, with a contract price of P145.44-M, currently still under review; Rigid Hull Inflatable boat (RHIB) acquisition, which envisions the use of the watercrafts for offensive and defensive operations, with a P38.4-M approved budget, initial bidder Williard Marine Inc., failed to comply with some requirements, PN rebidded the project on November 17, 2005; LCU acquisition, which replaced the LST upgrade project, is undergoing evaluation at the DND prior to endorsement to the President for approval, project cost is P200-M; BN-2 'Islander' fixed-wing aircrafts have recently undergone upgrades with Phase I completed by contractor Hawker pacific of Australia for P24.683-M. Phase II involves 2 BN-2 instead of the original 3 to be refurbished and upgraded, contract price is P72-M and is still undergoing bidding; Naval BO-105 helicopter upgrade were shelved in place of SIGINT equipment and 76 mm ammunition acquisitions, which are both currently undergoing bidding. Project cost for 76 mm ammunition acquisition is P62.09-M and SIGINT equipment acquisition is P25-M. Two ex-South Korean Navy Sea Killer class Patrol Boats are scheduled to be refitted and delivered to the PN and are expected to be commissioned before the end of 2006. Fleet Information Fleet 1 Rajah Humabon class Light Frigate 2 Jose Rizal class Corvettes 3 Emilio Jacinto class Corvette 6 Miguel Malvar class Corvette (number of operational units speculative) 1 Mariano Alvarez class Light Corvette 2 Emilio Aguinaldo class Large Patrol Craft (number of operational units speculative) 2 Kagitingan class Coastal Patrol Interdiction Craft 6 Tomas Batillo class Patrol Killer Medium 7 Conrado Yap class Patrol Killer Medium (number of operational units speculative) 24 Jose Andrada class Fast Attack Craft (G) 2 Point class cutters 6 LSTs 2 LSVs 7 LCUs 6 Armored troop carriers 6 LCM Mk. 8 11 LCM Mk. 6 1 AFDL-1 Floating Dry-docks (AFDL 40 no longer in use) Naval Air Group Land-based aircraft 9 BN-2A Islander Cessna 152 Cessna 177 Ship-borne aircraft 8 BO-105C Helicopters Marines Armor/Tactical Transport 11 V-300 (FSV) 12 V-300 (APC) 20 V-150 2 LVTH-6 (5 in reserve + 2 planned) 10 M-35 Guntrucks (15 planned) 2 LARC-V (+ 1 for completion) 20 CMC Cruiser jeeps Artillery M101A1 105 mm, field artillery (6 per battery) 6 M-56 105 mm, pack howitzer 2 Bofors 40 mm AAA Twin Cal. 50 HMG mounts M-40 106 mm RR (2 per Brigade) M-67 90 mm RR (4 per Battalion) M-29A1 81 mm mortar (4 per Battalion) M-19 60 mm mortar (2 per Company) Support Vehicles M-35 Trucks HMMWVs M-151 Jeeps CMC Cruiser jeeps Deletions Frigates 1981 - Datu Kalantiaw 1988 - Rajah Lakandula 1990 - Datu Sikatuna 19?? - Gregorio del Pilar, Diego Silang, Francisco Dagohoy, Andres Bonifacio Patrol Crafts 1989 - Abra, Tablas, Basilan 1990 - Katapangan, Nueva Viscaya (sunk) 19?? - Capiz, Samar, Negros Oriental, Agusan, Romblom, Kagitingan 2001 - Conrado Yap, PG 842, PG 843, PG 846, PG 848 Amphibious Ships 1989 - Agusan del Sur, Mindoro Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Maguindanao, Cagayan, Tarlac, Lanao del Sur, Leyte del Sur, Davao Oriental, Aurora, Cavite, Cotobato del Norte, Isabela, Batanes, Western Samar, Oriental Mindoro, Camarines Sur, Sulu, La Union 19?? - Cotabato, Sierra Madre, Ilocos Norte, Samar Oriental, Samar del Norte, Tawi-tawi, Apayao 2001 - Cotabato Del Sur Others 1989 - Lake Lanao, Tiboli, YD 201, YD 203, Kamagong, Lake Naujan 19?? - Apo-21, Ang Pinuno, Narra, Mount Samat, Pearl Bank, Bukidnon, Bagong Pilipino, Igorot, Tagbanua, Badjao, Mangyan 2001 - Yakal, Mactan, MGB 810, MGB 813, MGB 815, MGB 816, MGB 817 **************************************************** Philippine Coast Guard (Tanod Baybayin ng Pilipinas) **************************************************** Personnel Strength: 3,849 personnel Headquarters: 139 25th Street Port Area, Manila Mission The PCG is involved in the broader enforcement of maritime laws in the country, especially against smuggling, illegal fishing and drug trafficking. Also, it is involved in maritime search and rescue (SAR) missions, as well as the protection of marine environment. Functions The Coast Guard today, as a seagoing agency, is faced with the enormous task to perform the multifarious functions of safeguarding the country's vital sea-lanes from maritime lawlessness, preserving its marine resources and promoting Safety of Life and Property at Sea with its limited resources. In the accomplishment of this mission, the PCG performed various activities categorized under the five functional areas, namely: The Maritime Safety Administration (MARSAD) function of the PCG is to ensure the seaworthiness of the vessels plying the waters through the conduct of Port State Control inspection of foreign vessel, among others. It also enforces the vessel safety regulatory standards on domestic vessels through the conduct of Flag State control inspections, Emergency Readiness Evaluations, Mandatory Pre-Departure Inspections, SOLAS Equipment Inspections and the accreditation of suppliers and manufacturers of SOLAS appliances. It also ensures navigational safety through the development, establishment, maintenance and operation of Aids to Navigation. The PCG also establishes navigational rules and traffic separation schemes; regulates the construction of bridges and structures over navigable waterways; supervises salvage operations; regulates regattas and marine parades and conducts inspection of maritime training schools as member of the Maritime Training Council. Maritime Search and Rescue (MARSAR), the PCG maintains a 24-hour distress monitoring, response and relief activities in aid of persons or vessels in distress at sea. The Command obtains information about the distress or incident then disseminates it to nearby units capable of providing initial assistance, and immediately launches its own search and rescue operations. Marine Environmental Protection (MAREP), the PCG, as mandated by PD 600 and PD 601 as amended by PD 979 is the sole agency responsible for maritime oil pollution prevention, mitigation and control through the conduct of marine pollution monitoring and control, operation and the enhancement of PCG capability in oil spill response operations and enforcement of all applicable marine environmental laws and regulations. Maritime Law Enforcement (MARLEN) functions, the PCG being a maritime law enforcement functions particularly on anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, illegal fishing, illegal entry, illegal logging, laws on dangerous drugs and other applicable laws as stipulated in the Memorandum Of Agreement among the 21 other government agencies. Maritime Operations (MAROPS), the PCG performs maritime security operations to protect our ports, harbors and coastal waters and exercises control of shipping, maritime communications and strategic port facilities in time of emergency. Another significant functions under maritime operations is the enhancement of community affairs activities, particularly through the development and involvement of the 19,000-strong Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary and Sea Scouts. The PCG's area of responsibility covers a maritime area of 2,795,962 sq km, a stretch of 35,000 km of coastlines, which is twice longer than that of the USA, 7,107 islands and with a large portion of the populace that relies heavily on maritime commerce. More than a million vessels of various types traverse the Philippine seas annually while 98% of domestic trade depends on sea transport. Despite limited manpower, the PCG was able to perform its mandated functions. Organization The Philippine Coast Guard is administered through the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). Under the this structure, the most senior PCG officer is the Commandant PCG (CSAFP), usually with a rank of Vice-Admiral. The Commandant, PCG is solely responsible for the administration and operational status of the Coast Guard. Coast Guard Staff Commandant Deputy Commandant for Operations Deputy Commandant for Administration Chief of Staff Personal Staff Board of Marine Inquiry (BMI) Coast Guard Public Information Office (CGPIO) Coast Guard Internal Audit (CGIA) Central Staffs (Assistant Chiefs of Staff) Personnel (CG1) Intelligence (CG2) Operations (CG3) Logistics (CG4) Plans and Programs (CG5) Comptrollership (CG6) Education and Training (CG7) Maritime Safety Affairs & Vessel Safety Division (CG8) Marine Environmental Protection (CG9) Navigational Safety (CG10) Weapons, Communication-Electronics and Information Systems (CG11) Vessel and Aircraft Engineering and Repair (CG12) Special Staff Coast Guard Action Center (CGAC) Coast Guard Adjutant (CGAO) Coast Guard Special Service (CGSSO) Coast Guard Internal Affairs (CGIAS) Technical Staff Coast Guard Medical (CGMED) Coast Guard Dental (CGDENT) Coast Guard Chaplain Coast Guard Legal Affairs (CGLA) Operational Units Ten regional headquarters with fifty-four stations and one hundred ninety-four detachments. 1st Coast Guard District (CGDNCR), AOR - NCR/Central Luzon, HQ - Manila 2nd Coast Guard District (CGDCEV), AOR - Central/Eastern Visayas, HQ - Cebu 3rd Coast Guard District (CGDSWM), AOR - South Western Mindanao, HQ - Zamboanga 4th Coast Guard District (CGDPAL), AOR - Palawan, HQ - Palawan 5th Coast Guard District (CGDSTL), AOR - Southern Tagalog, HQ - Batangas 6th Coast Guard District (CGDWV), AOR - Western Visayas, HQ - Iloilo 7th Coast Guard District (CGDNLZ), AOR - Northern Luzon, HQ - San Fernando, La Union 8th Coast Guard District (CGDSEM), AOR - South Eastern Mindanao, HQ - Davao 9th Coast Guard District (CGDBCL), AOR - Bicol, HQ - Legaspi City, Albay 10th Coast Guard District (CGDNM), AOR - Northern Mindanao, HQ - Cagayan de Oro Operational Support Units Coast Guard Operation Forces (CGOF) Marine Environmental Protection Command (MEPCOM) Aids to Navigation Command (ANC) Coast Guard Intelligence and Investigation Force (CGIIF) Administrational Units Coast Guard Education and Training Command (CGETC) Coast Guard Weapons, Communication-Electronics and Information Systems (CGWCEIS) Coast Guard Finance Center (CGFC) Headquarters Support Group (HSG) Brief History Established in 1953, under the operational and administrative jurisdiction of the PN prior its transfer to the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) in 1998. Republic Act 5173, otherwise known as the Philippine Coast Guard Law, mandates the creation of the Philippine Coast Guard which shall enforce all applicable laws on the high seas and territorial waters of the Philippines. The fact that the Philippines is an archipelago country with more than 7,100 islands scattered over its maritime jurisdiction, makes the mission of the Philippine Coast Guard more challenging. The PCG is involved in the broader enforcement of maritime laws in the country, especially against smuggling, illegal fishing and drug trafficking. Also, it is involved in maritime search and rescue (SAR) missions, as well as the protection of marine environment. Currently it is present throughout the archipelago, with ten (10) Coast Guard Districts, fifty-four (54) CG Stations and over one hundred ninety (190) CG Detachments, from Basco, Batanes to Bongao, Tawi tawi. Its Major Units are the Coast Guard Operating Forces (CGOF), Marine Environmental Protection Command (MEPCOM), Aids to Navigation Command (ANC) and the Coast Guard Education and Training Command (CGETC). Among the PCG's Special Units are the Coast Guard Fleet, Coast Guard Aviation Group, Coast Guard Special Operations Group, and the CG K-9 Unit. Due to the rash of terrorist attacks, the PCG activated the Task Force Sea Marshals, a composite team from the PCG, AFP and PNP. These Sea Marshals ride on many passenger ferries travelling to and from Manila, and maintain a security presence aboard these ferries. Modernization The PCG operates a new Japanese-made buoy tender and the controversial and overpriced BFAR Maritime Control and Surveillance Vessel (MCS), which were acquired in part from Spanish soft loans and grants. The PCG also recently acquired two 56-m Search and Rescue vessels in 2000 and additional two 56-m SAR ships and four 35-m SAR ships from Tenix Shipbuilding of Western Australia which also provided the ships under a 1997 Department of Transportation and Communications-Maritime Safety Improvement Project Phase I contract implemented by the PCG under the OECF 17th Yen credit. The DOTC sought funding from the Australia Agency for International Development (AUSAID) and the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC), with ANZ Investment Bank as lead arranger. Total contract price is A$38.511-M, with 80% of the project cost covered through export credit facility and 20% was covered through commercial financing. Fleet Information Ships 4 San Juan class SAR craft 4 Ilocos Norte class SAR craft 1 Agusan class Large Patrol Craft 9 Coast Guard Cutters (some units not operational) Swift Mk.3 class Coastal Patrol Crafts (some units in limited use or not operational) Swift Mk.1/Mk.2 Class Small Patrol Craft (some units not operational) De Havilland series 9209 Coastal Patrol Craft (some units not operational) 1 Corregidor class Buoy Tender 1 Kalinga class Buoy Tender 2 Cabo Bojeador class Buoy Tender (both in dry dock) 14 Supervisory investigation boat/MCS (ten 30-m type, four 11-m type, BFAR boats with PCG personnel) 1 Tugboat (MT Habagat) 9 Barge (speculative) Aircraft 2 BN-2A Islander (1 operational PCG 163, 1 non-working PCG 1636) 2 BO-105C (1 operational PCG 251, 1 non-working PCG 684) 1 Cessna Golden Eagle 421-B (registered as RP-C1242, not yet commissioned) Deletions 19?? - Bataan, Catanduanes, Tirad Pass ========================================================================================== AFP Materiel Technical Specifications ========================================================================================== ************************** Armed Aircraft, Fixed-Wing ************************** Aermacchi/SIAI-Marchetti SpA S.211 Type: Two-seat basic trainer and light attack aircraft Origin: Italy Similar aircraft: BAe 200 Hawk, Ajeet Wings: Cantilever shoulder wing monoplane, with super critical section developed by computer with the assistance of the US universities of New York and Kansas. Thickness/chord ratio 15% at root, 13% at tip. Incidence 2° 13' at root, -1° 17' at tip. Anhedral 2° from roots. Sweepback 15° 30' at quarter-chord. Two-spar metal torsion box structure, forming integral fuel tank; attached to fuselage by four bolts. Upper and lower skins each formed by two one-piece panels joined along centerline and to the spars. Hydraulically actuated ailerons, with electric trim, and large area electrically actuated Fowler flaps, on trailing edges. Fuselage: Conventional metal and glassfiber semi-monocoque structure. The airframe design makes wide use of structural bonding and composite materials, including Kevlar, Nomex and carbon fiber composites. Hydraulically actuated airbrake under center fuselage. Equipment bay in nose. Large quick-disconnect panel in rear, for rapid engine access or removal. Tail unit: Cantilever metal structure. Sweptback fin; horn balanced rudder with electrically operated trim tab; electrically actuated variable incidence tailplane has sweptback leading-edge. Horn balanced elevators, with servo tab. Landing gear: Hydraulically retractable tricycle type, of Messier-Hispano-Bugatti/ Magnaghi design. Oleo-pneumatic shock absorber in each unit. All units retract forward into fuselage (main units turning 90° to lie flat in undersides of engine air intake trunks). Nosewheel steerable 18° left and right. Mainwheels size 6.50-8; nosewheel size 5.00-5 with water deflecting tire. Designed for a sink rate of 4 m/sec (13 ft/sec). Wheel brakes actuated hydraulically, independently of main hydraulic system. Provision for emergency free-fall extension. Accommodation: Seats for two in tandem in pressurized and air-conditioned cockpit under one-piece framed canopy opening sideways to starboard; pupil in front, instructor on rear seat elevated 28 cm (11"). Internal transparent screen between seats. Martin-baker Mk.10 lightweight zero speed/zero altitude ejection seats for both occupants. The seat is fitted with an emergency oxygen bottle. The high-pressure gaseous oxygen system has five hour endurance. Powerplant: One 11.7 kN (2,500 lb static) Pratt & Whitney Canada JTI5D-4D non-afterburning turbofan, with electronic fuel control, mounted in rear of fuselage; lateral intake each side of the fuselage, with splitter plate. Fuel in 650 liter (171.7 US gallon; 143 Imp gallon) integral wing tank and 150 liter (39.6 US gallon; 33 Imp gallon) fuselage tank; total capacity 800 liters (211 US gallon; 176 Imp gallon). Single gravity refueling point in top surface of starboard wing. Electric fuel pump for engine starting and emergency use. Fuel and oil systems permit inverted flight. Provision for two 270 liter (71.7 US gallon; 59.4 Imp gallon) drop tank on inboard underwing stores points. Oil capacity 10 kg (22 lb). Systems: Environmental control system for cockpit pressurization and air-conditioning, using engine bleed air for heating, non-ozone depleting freon vapor for cooling. Maximum pressure differential 0.24 bars (3.5 psi). Hydraulic system, pressure 207 bars (3,000 psi), for actuation of airbrake, landing gear, freon compressor and aileron boost, and independent actuation of wheel brakes. Primary electrical system is 28V DC, using an engine driven starter/generator; nickel-cadmium battery; two static inverters supply AC power for instruments and avionics. External power receptacle in port side of lower fuselage aft of wing. Demand type main oxygen system, at 124 bars (1,80 psi) pressure, sufficient to supply both occupants for 4 hours, plus bottles for emergency fuel supply. Avionics and equipment: Standard avionics fit includes two V/UHF command nav suite, ADF, VOR/ILS and DME or TACAN, IFF or ATC, ICS, AHRS, HSI and AI with full dual controls and handover. Provision for dual gyro stabilized gunsight system with miniaturized video recording or film camera. Additional provisions for R/Nav, radar altimeter, Doppler radar, Head-Up Display with weapons aiming computer (HUDWAC), radar warning system and ECM. Dimensions, External Wing span: 8.43 m (27' 8") Wing chord at root: 2.151 m (7' 0 ¾") Wing chord at tip: 1.00 m (3' 3 ¼") Wing chord, mean aerodynamic: 1.646 m (5' 4 ¾") Wing aspect ratio: 5.1 Length, overall: 9.31 m (30' 6 ½") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: 3.80 m (12' 5 ½") Elevator span: Tailplane span: 3.96 m (13' 0") Wheel track: 2.29 m (7' 6") Wheel base: 4.02 m (13' 2 ¼") Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: 12.60 m² (135.63 ft²) Airbrake: 0.42 m² (4.52 ft²) Vertical tail surfaces, total: 2.01 m² (21.64 ft²) Horizontal tail surfaces, total: 3.378 m² (36.36 ft²) Weights and loadings Basic empty weight: Weight, empty, equipped: 1,850 kg (4,078 lb) Max usable fuel, internal: 622 kg (1,371 lb) Max usable fuel, external: 390 kg (860 lb) Typical mission weights: Max T-O weight: [Trainer, clean] 2,750 kg (6,063 lb); [Armed] 3,150 kg (6,944 lb) Max wing loading: Max power loading: Performance (at T-O weight of 2,500 kg (5,511 lb) except where indicated) Never exceed speed: Mach 0.80 (740 kph; 400 knts; 460 mph EAS) Max cruising speed at 7,620 m (25,000'): 667 kph (360 knts; 414 mph) Rotation speed: 167 kph (90 knts; 104 mph) Stalling speed, flaps down: 138 kph (74 knts; 86 mph) Max rate of climb at S/L: 1,280 m/min (4,200 ft/min) Time to climb to 6,100 m 20,000'): 6 min 12 s Service ceiling: 12,200 m (40,000') T-O run at S/L, ISA: 390 m (1,280') T-O run to 15 m (50'): 512 m (1,680') Landing run at S/L, ISA: 361 m (1,185') Landing run to 15 m (50'): 705 m (2,313') Min air turning radius at S/L: less than 305 m (1,000') Typical attack radius with four rocket launchers, AUW of 3,150 kg (6,944 lb): [hi-lo-hi, out and back at 491 kph (265 knts; 305 mph) at 9,150 m (30,000'), 2 hrs 59 min mission (incl 5 min over target), 60 kg (132 lb) of fuel remaining] 556 km (300 nm; 345 mi); [lo-lo-lo, out and back at 491kph (250 knts; 288 mph) at less than 305 m (1,000'), 1 hr 5 min mission (incl 5 min over target), 60 kg (132 lb) of fuel remaining] 231 km (125 nm; 144 mi) Max range on internal fuel, 30 min reserves: 1,668 km (900 nm; 1,036 mi) Ferry range: [AUW of 3,150 kg (6,944 lb), max internal and external fuel at 500 kph (270 knts; 311 mph) at 9,150 m (30,000'), 90 kg (198 lb) of fuel remaining] 2,483 km (1,340 nm; 1,542 mi) g Limits: [Clean] +6/-3; [With external stores] +5/-2.5 Sustained g limit at 4,575 m (15,000'): 3.4 Endurance, 30 min reserves: 3 hrs 50 min Weapon systems: Four under wing hardpoints, stressed for loads of up to 330 kg (727.5 lb) inboard, 165 kg (364 lb) outboard; maximum external load 660 kg (1,455 lb). Typical loads can include four single or twin-gun 7.62 mm machine-gun pods, four 12.7 mm gun pods, or (inboard only) two 20 mm gun pods; four AL-18-50 (18 x 50 mm), Matra F2 (6 x 68 mm), LAU-32 (7 x 2.75"), or AL-6-80 (6 x 81 mm) rocket launchers, or (inboard only) two Matra 155 (18 x 68 mm) rocket launchers, SNORA RWK-020 (12 x 81 mm) or 100 mm rocket launchers; four bombs or practice bombs of up to 150 kg size, or (inboard only) two bombs or napalm containers of up to 300 kg; four 74 mm cartridge throwers; or (inboard only) two photo-reconnaissance pods each with four cameras and infra-red linescan; or (inboard only) two 270 liter (71.3 US gallon; 59.4 Imp gallon) auxiliary fuel tanks. Ferranti ISIS D-211 optical weapon aiming system optional. AFP weapon systems: Two 12.7 mm or 7.62 mm machine-gun pods and two 7 x 70 mm rocket launchers on four hardpoints; or one 12.7 mm machine-gun underfuselage and two 270 liter (71.7 US gallon; 59.4 Imp gallon) drop tanks. Program: North American/Rockwell International Corp./Boeing OV-10 A/B/C 'Bronco' Type: Two-seat, COIN/FAC/Surveillance, turboprop aircraft Origin: USA Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane. Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Retractable tricycle type. Trailing arm articulating with two-stage air-oil telescoping shock absorbing struts. Accommodation: Seats for two in tandem, one pilot and one weapons officer/observer, on two LW-3B zero speed/zero altitude ejection seats for both occupants. Rear seat is removable for greater fuselage cargo capacity. Powerplant: Two modified 715 shp Honeywell/Garett AiResearch T76-G-416/417 counter-rotating turboprop engines, driving a three-blade propeller with spinner, uprated to a four-blade Hartzell/Marsh Aviation aluminum alloy propeller with spinner, with improved gearboxes. Can use automotive or hi-octane fuel in place of Jet-A1 with a slight degradation of power. Five self-sealing fuel tanks in wing, 954 liter (252 gallon) capacity. Centerline 568, 871, or 1,136 liter (150, 230 or 300 gallon) external tank optionally available. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dual manual flight controls. Standard avionics fit includes HF, VHF-AM/FM, UHF, ADF, VOR, TACAN, IFF. AN/AAS-37, FLIR/LRD/AVT. GPS was added on PAF units. The GPS units on PAF OV-10s are installed on the cockpit coaming together with a power receptacle to connect it to an on-board power source. Cockpit lighting is also NVG compatible. Dimensions, External Wing span: 12.5 m (40' 10") Wing chord: Wing aspect ratio: Length, overall: 12.6 m (41' 7") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: 4.62 m (15' 2") Tailplane span: 4.45 m (14' 7") Elevator span: Wheel track: Wheel base: Propeller diameter: [uprated] 2.54 m (8' 37") Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Cargo compartment Length: Max width: Max height: Floor area: Volume: [with rear seat] 2.1 m³ (75 ft³); [rear seat removed] 3.1 m³ (110 ft³) Areas Wings, gross: 26.96 m² (290 ft²) Ailerons, total including tabs: Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: Dorsal Fin: Rudder: Tailplane: Elevator: Weights and loadings Basic empty weight: 3,127 kg (6,893 lb) Weight, empty, equipped: 3,261 kg (7,190 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights: Max T-O weight: [normal] 4,494 kg (9,908 lb); [overload weight] 6,552 kg (14,444 lb) Max wing loading: Max power loading: Performance Max speed at S/L without weapons: [A] 452 kph (244 knts; 281 mph); [B] B: 447 kph (241 knts; 278 mph); [C] 632 kph (341 knts; 393 mph) Cruising speed: 359 kph (223 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: 945 m/min (3,100 ft/min) Time to climb: Service ceiling: 7,315 m (24,000') T-O run at S/L: T-O run at normal weight: [A] 226 m (740') T-O run at 5,443 kg (12,000 lb): [B] 344 m (1,130'); [C] 168 m (550') Landing run at S/L: Landing run at normal weight: [A] 226 m (740') Landing run at overload weight: [A] 381 m (1,250') Operational radius: Combat radius, with max weapons load, no loiter: 367 km (198 nm; 228 mi) Range with max int fuel: 1,297 kms (700 nm; 806 mi) Ferry range, with 568 liter (150 gallon) aux fuel: 2,298 km (1,240 nm; 1,428 mi) g Limits: Endurance, loiter time with 568 liter (150 gallon) ext tank: 5 hrs 30 min Endurance, with full ordnance load: 2 hrs, 93 kms (50 nm; 58 mi) Weapon systems: Equipped with seven external stores. Four fixed sponson-mounted forward-firing 7.62 mm machine-guns with 2,000 rounds; four external weapon attachment points under short sponsons, for up to 1,000 kg (2,400 lb) of rockets, bombs, etc.; fifth point, capacity 540 kg (1,200 lb), under center fuselage, which also has the capability of carrying either a 20 mm gun pod or a 568, 871 or 1,136 liter (150, 230 or 300 gallon) external fuel tank. Provision for carrying one Sidewinder missile on each wing and, by use of a wing pylon kit, various stores, including rocket and flare pods and free-fall ordnance. Maximum weapons load 1,630 kg (3,600 lb). AFP weapon systems: Carries two 7 x 70 mm rocket launchers; or two 130 mm Zuni rocket launchers in sponsons; M-60 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine-guns or locally modified 20 mm guns are also mounted underfuselage; in addition it can also carry any of the following munitions: AFM-M3 81 mm CBU, 50 kg (110 lb), 118 kg (260 lb), Mk. 82 227 kg (500 lb) and 341 kg (750 lb) gravity bombs. Program: Built for COIN operations, now used in the FAC role. Aermacchi/SIAI-Marchetti SpA SF.260 M/W/TP Type: Two/three seat fully aerobatic military light aircraft Origin: Italy Similar aircraft: Guepard, Aviamilano F.250 Wings: Cantilever low-wing monoplane. Wing section NACA 64-212 (modified) at root. NACA 64-210 (modified) at tip. Dihedral 6° 20' from roots. Incidence 2° 45' at root. 0° at tip. No sweepback. All metal light alloy safe-life structure, with single main spar and auxiliary rear spar, built into two portions bolted together at the centerline and attached to the fuselage by six bolts. Press-formed ribs. with dimpled stiffening holes. Skin, which is butt joined and flush riveted, stiffened by stringers between main and rear spars. Differentially operating Frise light alloy mass balanced ailerons, and electrically actuated light alloy single-slotted flaps. Flaps operated by torque tube and mechanical linkage, ailerons by pushrod and cables. Servo tab in each aileron. Fuselage: Semi-monocoque safe-life structure of frames, stringers and flush riveted skin, exclusively of light alloy except for welded steel tube engine mounting, glassfiber front panel of engine cowling, stainless steel firewall and detachable glassfiber tailcone. Tail unit: Cantilever light alloy safe-life structure, with swept-back vertical surfaces, fixed incidence tailplane and one-piece elevator. Two-spar fin and one-piece tailplane, bolted to fuselage; single-spar elevator, statically and aerodynamically balanced, and balanced rudder. Rudder and elevator operated by cables. Controllable trim tab in starboard half of the elevator, ground adjustable tab on rudder. Provision of an inset rudder trim tab in TP models only. Landing gear: Electrically retractable tricycle type, with manual emergency actuation. Inward retracting main gear, of trailing arm type, and rearward retracting nose unit, each embodying Magnaghi oleo-pneumatic shock absorber (type 2/22028 in main units). Each welded steel tube main leg is hinged to the main and rear spars. Nose unit is of leg and fork type, with coaxial shock absorber and torque strut. Cleveland P/N 3080A mainwheels, with size 6.00-6 tube and tire (6-ply rating), pressure 2.45 bars (35.5 psi). Cleveland P/N 40-77A nosewheel, with size 5.00-5 tube and tire (6-ply rating), pressure 1.96 bars (28.4 psi). Cleveland P/N 3000-500 independent hydraulic single-disc brake and parking brake on each main wheel. Nosewheel steering (20° to the left or right) is operated directly by the rudder pedals, to which it is linked by pushrods. Up-lock secures main gear in retracted position during flight; anti-retraction system prevents main gear from retracting whenever strut is compressed by weight of aircraft. Accommodation: Side by side front seats (for instructor and pupil in SF.260M), with third centrally at rear. Front seats individually adjustable fore and aft, with forward folding backs and provision for back type parachute packs. Dual control standard. All three seats equipped with lap belts and shoulder harnesses. Baggage compartment aft of rear seat. Upper portion of the canopy release handle for each front seat occupant. Steel tube windscreen frame for protection in the event of overturn. Powerplant: [M/W] One 260 hp (194 kW) Avco Lycoming O-540-E4A5 flat-six engine driving a Hartzell HC-C2YK-1BF/8477-8R two-blade constant speed metal propeller with spinner. AEIO-540-D4A5 engine available optionally. Fuel in two light alloy tanks in wings, capacity of each 49.5 liters (13.1 US gallons; 10.9 Imp gallons); and two permanent wing tip tanks, capacity of each 72 liters (19 US gallons; 15.85 Imp gallons). Total internal fuel capacity 243 liters (64.2 US gallons; 53.5 Imp gallons), of which 235 liters (62.1 US gallons; 51.7 Imp gallons) are useable. Individual refueling point on top of each tank. In addition SF.260W may be fitted with two 80 liter (21.1 US gallon; 17.5 Imp gallon) auxiliary tanks on underwing pylons, oil capacity (all models) 11.4 liters (3.0 US gallons; 2.5 Imp gallon); [TP]: One Allison 250-B17D turboprop , flat rated at 350 shp (261 kW) and driving a Hartzell HC-B3TF-7A/T10173-23R three-bladed constant-speed fully-feathering and reversible pitch propeller with spinner. Fuel capacity as for the SF.260M/W; automatic fuel feed system. Oil capacity 7 liters (1.8 US gallons; 1.5 Imp gallons). Systems: Hydraulic equipment for mainwheel brakes only. No pneumatic system. 24V DC electrical system of single-conductor negative earth type, including 70A Prestolite engine mounted alternator/rectifier and 25V 24Ah Varley battery, for engine starting, flap and landing gear actuation, fuel booster pumps, electronics and lighting. Sealed battery compartment in rear of fuselage on port side. Connections of an external power source automatically disconnects the battery . Heating system for carburetor air intake. Emergency electrical system for extending the landing gear if normal electrical actuation fails; provision for mechanical extension in the event of total electrical failure. Cabin heating, and windscreen de-icing and demisting, by heat exchanger using engine exhaust air. Additional manually controlled warm air outlets for general cabin heating. Oxygen system optional. Avionics and equipment: Basic instrumentation and military equipment to customer's requirements. Blind-flying instrumentation and communications equipment optional; typical selection includes dual Collins 20BVHF com; Collins VIR-31A VHF nav; Collins ADF-60A; Collins TDR-90 ATC transponder; Collins PN-101 compass; ID-90-000 RMI; and Gemelli AG04-1 intercom. GPS-195 Tracker system installed on PAF planes. Landing light in nose. below spinner. Instrument panel can be slid rearward to provide access to rear of instruments. Dimensions, External Wing span over tip tanks: 8.35 m (24' 4 ¾") Wing chord, at root: 1.60 m (5' 3") Wing chord, mean aerodynamic: 1.325 m (4' 4 ¼") Wing chord, at tip: 0.784 m (2' 6 7/8") Wing aspect ratio (excl tip tanks): 6.3 Wing taper ratio: 2.2 Length, overall: [M/W] 7.10 m (23' 3 ½"); [TP] 7.40 m (24' 3 ¼") Fuselage max width: 1.10 m ( 3' 7 ¼") Fuselage max depth: 1.042 m (3' 5") Height, overall: 2.41 m (7' 11") Elevator span: 3.01 m (9' 10 ½") Wheel track: 2.274 m (7' 5 ½") Wheel base: 1.66 m (5' 5 ¼") Propeller diameter: 1.93 m (6' 4") Propeller ground clearance: 0.32 m (1' 0 ½") Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: 1.66 m (5' 5 ¼") Cabin, max width: 1.00 m (3' 3 ¼") Cabin, height (seat cushion to canopy): 0.98 m (3' 2 ½") Cabin volume: 1.50 m³ (53 ft³) Baggage compartment volume: 0.18 m³ (6.36 ft³) Areas Wings, gross: 10.10 m² (108.70 ft²) Ailerons (total, incl tabs): 0.762 m² (8.20 ft²) Trailing edge flaps (total): 1.18 m² (12.70 ft²) Fin: 0.76 m² (8.18 ft²) Dorsal Fin: 0.16 m² (1.72 ft²) Rudder, including tab: 0.60 m² (6.46 ft²) Tailplane: 1.46 m² (15.70 ft²) Elevator, including tab: 0.96 m² (10.30 ft²) Weights and loadings Manufacturer's basic empty weight: [M] 755 kg (1,664 lb); [W] 770 kg (1,697 lb) Weight, empty, equipped: [M] 815 kg (1,797 lb); [W] 830 kg (1,830 lb); [TP] 750 kg (1,654 lb) Fuel: [in wing and wingtip tanks] 169 kg ( 372.5 lb); [W, underwing tanks only] 114 kg ( 251.5 lb) Typical mission weights: [M, trainer, clean] 1,140 kg (2,513 lb); [W, two 47 kg (103.5 lb) machine-gun pods and full internal fuel] 1,163 kg ( 2,564 lb); [W, trainer, with 94 kg (207 lb) external stores] 1,249 kg (2,753 lb); [W, with two 125 kg bombs and 150 kg (331 lb) internal fuel] 1,300 kg (2,866 lb); [W, with two AL-8-70 rocket launchers and 160 kg (353 lb) internal fuel] 1,300 kg (2,866 lb) Max T-O weight: [M, aerobatic] 1,100 kg (2,425 lb); [W, max permitted] 1,300 kg (2,866 lb) Max wing loading: [M] 119 kg/m² (24.4 psi); [W] 129 kg/m² (26.4 psi) Max power loading: [M] 6.19 kg/kW (10.17 lb/hp); [W] 6.70 kg/kW (11.01 lb/hp); [TP, trainer] 4.60 kg/kW (7.56 lb/shp); [TP, Warrior] 4.98 kg/kW (8.19 lb/shp) Performance [M at AUW of 1,200 kg (2,645 lb); W at 1,300 kg (2,866 lb), except where indicated]; [TP, at trainer Utility T-O weight of 1,200 kg (2,640) lb, ISA] Never exceed speed: [M] 436 kph (235 knts; 271 mph); [TP] 437 kph (236 knts; 271 mph) Max level speed at S/L: [M] 333 kph (180 knts; 207 mph); [W] 305 kph (165 knts; 190 mph) Max level speed at 3,050 m (10,000'): [TP] 422 kph (228 knts; 262 mph) Max cruising speed, 75% power, at 1,500 m (4,925'): [M] 300 kph (162 knts; 186 mph); [W] 281 kph (152 knts; 175 mph) Max cruising speed at 2,440 m (8,000'): [TP] 400 kph (216 knts; 248 mph) Econ cruising speed at 4,575 m (15,000'): [TP] 315 kph (170 knts; 195 mph) Stalling speed, flaps and landing gear up: [M] 137 kph (74 knts; 86 mph); [W] 163 kph (88 knots; 102 mph) Stalling speed, flaps and landing gear down: [M] 126 kph (68 knts; 79 mph); [W] 134 kph (72 knts; 83 mph) Stalling speed, at S/L, flaps down, power off: [TP] 126 kph (68 knts; 195 mph) Max rate of climb at S/L: [M] 457 m/min (1,500 ft/min); [W] 381 m/min (1,250 ft/min); [TP] 661 m/min (2,170 ft/min) Time to climb to 1,500 m (4,925'): [M] 4 min 0 s; [W] 6 min 20 s Time to climb to 2,300 m (7,550'): [M] 6 min 50 s; [W] 10 min 20 s Time to climb to 3,000 m (9,850'): [M] 10 min 0 s; [W] 18 min 40 s Service ceiling: [M] 4,665 m (15,300'); [W] 4,480 m (14,700'); [TP] 7,500 m (24,600') T-O run at S/L: [M] 384 m (1,260'); [TP] 298 m (978') T-O run to 15 m (50') at S/L: [M] 606 m (1,988'); [W] 825 m (2,707'); 467 m (1,532') Landing run from 15 m (50') at S/L: [M] 445 m (1,460'); [W] 645 m (2,116'); [TP] 533 m (1,749') Landing run, without reverse pitch: [TP] 307 m (1,007') Landing run at S/L: [M] 345 m (1,132') Operational radius: [W, 6 hrs 25 min single-seat armed patrol mission at 1,163 kg (2,564 lb) AUW, incl 5 hrs 35 min over operating area, 20 kg (44 lb) fuel reserves] 92 kms (50 nm; 57 mi); [W, 3 hrs 38 min single-seat strike mission, incl two 5 min loiters over separate en-route target areas, 20 kg (44 lb) fuel reserves] 463 km (250 nm; 287 mi); [W, 4 hrs 54 min single-seat strike mission, incl 5 min over target area, 20 kg (44 lb) fuel reserves] 556 kms (300 nm; 345 mi); [W, 4 hrs 30 min, single-seat photo-reconnaissance mission at 1,182 kg (2,605 lb) AUW, incl three 1 hr loiters over separate en-route operating areas, 20 kg (44 lb) fuel reserves] 278 kms (150 nm; 172 mi); [W, 6 hrs 3 min two-seat self ferry mission with two 80 liter (21.1 US gallon; 17.5 Imp gallon) underwing tanks, at 1,285 kg (2,833 lb) AUW, 30 kg (66 lb) fuel reserves] 1,716 kms (926 nm; 1,066 mi) Range with max fuel: [M, two-seat] 1,650 kms (926 nm; 1,025 mi) Range at 4,575 m (15,000') with max fuel, 30 min reserves: 949 kms (512 nm; 589 mi) g Limits: [M, at max aerobatic T-O weight] +6/-3; [M, at max Utility T-O weight without external load] +4.4/-2.2 Endurance: Weapon systems: [W] Two or four underwing hardpoints, able to carry external stores on NATO standard pylons up to a maximum 300 kg (661 lb) when flown as a single-seater. Typical alternative loads can include one or two SIAI gunpods, each with one or two 7.62 mm FN machine-guns and 500 rds; two Aerea AL-8-70 launchers each with eight 2.75" rockets; two LAU-32 launchers each with seven 2.75" rockets; two Aerea AL-18-50 launchers each with eighteen 2 in rockets; two Aerea AL-8-68 each with eight 68 mm rockets; two Aerea AL-6-80 launchers each with six 81 mm rockets; two LUU-2/B parachute flares; two SAMP EU 32 125 kg (275 lb) general purpose bombs or EU 13 120 kg (265 lb) fragmentation bombs; two SAMP EU 70 50 kg (110 lb) general purpose bombs; Mk. 76 11 kg (24 lb) practice bombs; two cartridge throwers for 70 mm multi-purpose cartridge, F 725 flares, or F130 smoke cartridges; one or two photo-reconnaissance pods with two 70 mm automatic cameras; two supply containers; or two 80 liter (21.1 US gallon; 17.5 Imp gallon) auxiliary fuel tanks. AFP weapon systems: Maximum payload of 227.3 kg (500 lb) on two underwing hardpoints. Two 12.7 mm or M-60 7.62 mm machine-gun pods and two 7 x 70 mm rocket launchers; 50 to 118 kg (110 to 260 lb) gravity bombs; LAU 68, LAU 131 rocket launchers; Mk. 24 Flare dispensers; B-37K practice bomb dispersers. Program: *************************** Armed Aircraft, Rotary-Wing *************************** Hughes/McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Co. model MD500MG 'Defender' Type: Turbine powered Light Attack Helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: MBB BO-105 CB, Alouette II Rotor system: Five-blade fully articulated main rotor, with blades attached to laminated strap retention system by means of quick disconnect pins for folding. Each blade consists of an extruded aluminum spar hot-bonded to one-piece wraparound aluminum skin. Trim tab outboard on each blade. Main rotor blades can be folded. Two-blade tail rotor, each blade comprising a swaged steel tube spar and metal skin covering. Four-blade 'quiet' tail rotor, and main rotor brake optional. Rotor drive: Three sets of bevel gears, three driveshafts and one overrunning clutch. Main rotor/engine rpm ratio 1:12.594. Tail rotor/engine rpm ratio 1:1.956. Fuselage: The fuselage is teardrop-shaped and features a round, glassed-in cockpit and landing skids. Aluminum semi-monocoque structure of pod and boom type. Clamshell doors at rear of pod give access to engine and accessories. Tail unit: T tail with horizontal stabilizer at tip of narrow chord sweptback fin; small auxiliary fin at tip of tailplane on each side; narrow chord sweptback ventral fin with integral tailskid to protect tail rotor in tail-down attitude near ground. Landing gear: Tubular skids carried on McDonnell Douglas oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers. Utility floats, snow skis and emergency inflatable floats optional. Accommodation: Forward bench seat for pilot and two passengers, with two or four passengers or two litter patients and one medical attendant, in rear portion of cabin. Low-back front seats and individual rear seats, with fabric or leather upholstery optional. Baggage space, capacity 0.31 m³ (11 ft³), under and behind rear seat in five-seat form. Clear space for 1.19 m³ (42 ft³) of cargo or baggage with only three front seats in place. Two doors on each side. Interior soundproofing optional. Powerplant: One 420 shp (313 kW) Allison 250-C20B turboshaft, which is derated to 375 shp (280 kW) for T-O and has a max continuous rating of 350 shp (261 kW). Two interconnected bladder fuel tanks with combined useable capacity of 240 liters (63.4 US gallons; 52.8 Imp gallons). Self-sealing fuel tank optional. Refueling point on starboard side of fuselage. Auxiliary fuel system, with 79.5 liters (21 US gallons; 17.5 Imp gallons) internal tank, available optionally. Oil capacity 5.7 liters (1.5 US gallons; 1.2 Imp gallons). Systems: Electrical system includes a 150A engine driven generator and nickel-cadmium battery. Avionics and equipment: Standard equipment includes outside air temperature gauge, 8-day clock, engine hour-meter, five sets inertia reel shoulder harness, cargo tiedown fittings, fire extinguisher, first aid kit, passenger steps, ground handling wheels, external power socket, landing light, skid-tip position light, anti-collision strobe lights, navigation lights, cockpit utility lights, aft cabin light and instrument lights. Optional equipment includes shatterproof glass, heating/demisting system, radios, intercom, attitude and directional gyros, rate of climb indicator, nylon mesh seats, dual controls, cargo hook, cargo racks, under fuselage cargo pods, heated pitot tube, extended landing gear, blade storage rack, litter kit, emergency inflatable floats and inflated utility floats. FAA supplemental certification has been received for installing a 30 million candlepower Spectrolab SX-16 Nightsun searchlight. Standard avionics includes AN/ARC-164 UHF/AM, AN/ARC-115 UHF/AM, AN/ARC-114 VHF/FM, ARN-89 ADF, APX-72 IFF transponder, AN/ASN-43 directional gyro, ID-1351 heading and bearing indicator and C-6533/ARC intercom. Optional avionics include dual King KY 195 com, KX 175 nav/com, KR 85 ADF, and KT 76 transponder; dual Collins VHF0251 com, VHF-251/351 nav/com, IND-350 nav indicator, ADF-650 ADF and TDR-950 transponder; headsets, microphones and PA system, GPS, ILS and full instrument weather conditions packages. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 8.03 m (26' 4") Tail rotor diameter: 1.40 m (4' 7") Main rotor blade chord: 0.171 m (6' ¾") Distance between rotor centers: 4.67 m (15' 4") Length overall, rotors turning: 9.40 m (30' 10") Length of fuselage: 7.29 m (23' 11") Height to top of rotor head (standard skids): 2.62 m (8' 7") Height over tail (endplate fins): 2.71 m (8' 10 ¾") Width over skids: 1.96 m (6' 5") Tailplane span: 1.65 m (5' 5") Tailskid ground clearance: 0.41 m (1' 4") Skid track (standard): 1.96 m (6' 5") Cabin doors, height: 1.13 m (3' 8 ½") Cabin doors, width: 0.88 m (2' 10 ½") Cabin doors, height to sill: 0.71 m (2' 4") Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: 2.44 m (8' 0") Cabin, max width: 1.31 m (4' 3 ½") Cabin, max height: 1.52 m (5' 0") Cabin volume: Areas Main rotor blades: 0.690 m² (7.43 ft²) Tail rotor blades: 0.095 m² (1.02 ft²) Main rotor disc: 50.89 m² (547.81 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 1.53 m² (16.50 ft²) Fin: 0.56 m² (6.05 ft²) Horizontal stabilizer: 0.76 m² (8.18 ft²) Weights and loadings Basic empty weight: 654 kg (1,441 lb) Weight, empty, equipped: Fuel: Max normal T-O weight: 1,406 kg (3,100 lb) Max overload T-O weight: 1,610 kg (3,550 lb) Max gross weight, external load: 1,701 kg (3,750 lb) Max normal disc loading: 26.76 kg/m² (5.48 lb/ft²) Max normal power loading: 4.35 kg/kW (7.14 lb/shp) Performance (at max normal T-O weight) Never exceed speed at S/L: 282 kph (152 knts; 175 mph) Max cruising speed at S/L: 221 kph (119 knts; 137 mph) Max cruising speed at 1,525 m (5,000'): 226 kph (122 knts; 140 mph) Max cruising speed from S/L to 1,525 m (5,000'): 250 kph (135 knts; 155 mph) Econ cruising speed at S/L: 238 kph (129 knts; 148 mph) Econ cruising speed at 1,525 m (5,000'): 220 kph (119 knts; 137 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L up to ISA +20°C: 558 m/min (1,830 ft/min) Vertical rate of climb at S/L, ISA: 606 m/min (1,990 ft/min) Vertical rate of climb at S/L, ISA +20°C: 558 m/min (1,830 ft/min) Service ceiling: over 4,880 m (16,000') Hovering ceiling IGE, ISA: 5,060 m (16,600') Hovering ceiling IGE, ISA +20°C: 4,270 m (14,000') Hovering ceiling IGE, ISA 35°C: 2,680 m (8,800') Hovering ceiling OGE, ISA: 4,300 m (14,100') Hovering ceiling OGE, ISA +20°C: 3,475 m (11,400') Hovering ceiling OGE, ISA 35°C: 2,135 m (7,000') Range, 2 min warm-up, standard fuel, no reserves at S/L: 333 km (180 nm; 207 mi) Range, 2 min warm-up, standard fuel, no reserves at 1,525 m (5,000'): 376 km (203 nm; 233 mi) Endurance, 2 min warm-up, standard fuel, no reserves at S/L: 2 hrs 6 min Endurance, 2 min warm-up, standard fuel, no reserves at 1,525 m (5,000'): 2 hrs 18 min Weapon systems: Standard 14" NATO racks with two hardpoints are provided for external stores. Basic military versions able to carry a variety of alternative weapons, including fourteen 70 mm rockets and either a 7.62 mm minigun with 2,000 rds of ammunition; or a Mk. 19 or M-75 40 mm grenade launcher; or a 7.62 mm EX-34 chain gun with 2,000 rds of ammunition; or two TOW missile pods; or 2 Hellfire ATGM; or 2 Stinger AAM pods. Chaff and infra-red flares can be carried, with automatic chaff ejection on threat detection facility. Both cyclic sticks have triggers for gun or rocket firing. AFP weapon systems: One M-3P 12.7 mm HMG Pod, 1,000 rpm, 250 rounds of ammunition and one M-260 7 x 70 mm 'Hydra' rocket launcher. Program: Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. model 205, US Army designation UH-1H 'Iroquois/Huey'/ model 205A-1/ UH-1M/ model 212 US Army designation UH-1N Type: Single-rotor General Purpose Helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Bell 204, Bell 214 Rotor system: Two-blade semi-rigid main rotor. Interchangeable blades, built up of extruded aluminum spars and laminates, now being replaced by new composite blades, with unidirectional glassfiber roving spar, afterbody of glassfiber skin over a Nomex honeycomb core, unidirectional glass fiber roving trailing edge, and a polyurethane leading-edge abrasion strip. A stainless steel sheath under this strip on the outboard portion of the blade reinforces the inertia weight attachment and enhances tree cutting capability. Stabilizing bar above and at right angles to main rotor blades. Underslung feathering axis head. Two-blade all metal tail rotor of honeycomb construction. Blades do not fold. Rotor drive: Shaft drive to both main and tail rotors. Transmission rating 1,100 shp (820 kW). Main rotor rpm 294-324. Fuselage: Conventional all-metal semi-monocoque structure. Tail surface: Small synchronized elevator on rear fuselage is connected to the cyclic control to increase allowable CG travel. Landing gear: Tubular skid type. Lock-on ground handling wheels and inflated nylon float bags available. Accommodation: Pilot and eleven to fourteen troops, or six litters and a medical attendant; or 1,759 kg (3,880 lb) of freight. Crew doors open forward and are jettisonable. Two doors on each side of cargo compartments; front door is hinged to open forward and is removable, rear door slide aft. Forced air ventilation system. Powerplant: One 1,400 shp (1,044 kW) Avco Lycoming T53-L-13 turboshaft, mounted aft of the transmission on top of the fuselage and enclosed in cowlings. Five interconnected rubber fuel cells, total capacity 844 liters (223 US gallons; 186 Imp gallons), of which 799 liters (211 US gallons; 176 Imp gallons) are useable. Overload fuel capacity of 1,935 liters (511 US gallons; 125 Imp gallons) internal auxiliary fuel tanks interconnected with the basic fuel system. Avionics and equipment: FM, UHF, VHF radio sets, IFF transponder, Gyromatic compass system, direction finder set, VOR receiver and intercom standard. Optional nav/cpm systems. Standard equipment includes bleed air heater and defroster, comprehensive range of engine and flight instruments, power plant fire detection system, 30V 300A DC starter/generator, navigation, landing and anti-collision lights, controllable searchlight, hydraulically boosted controls. Optional equipment includes external cargo hook, auxiliary fuel tanks, rescue hoist, 150,000 BTU muff heater. Uprated unit's optional equipment/upgrades includes AN/ALQ-144 infra-red jammer, AN/APN-209 radar altimeter, AN/APR-39 radar warning receiver, AN/ARC-164 UHF/AM radio, AN/ARN-124 DME, XM130 chaff/flare dispenser, NOE communications (FM/HF), communications security, infra-red suppressor (hot metal and plume), altimeter lighting (5V), crashworthy auxiliary fuel system, closed circuit refueling, fuel tank vent, improved main input driveshaft, main rotor mast plug, composite main rotor blades, improved stabilizer bar, tail rotor hub and servo cylinders, a split engine deck, improved oil filtration system, night vision compatible cockpit, built-in Vibrex connections, improved AN/ASN-43 gyro magnetic compass and Doppler navigation. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 14.63 m (48' 0") Tail rotor diameter: 2.59 m ( 8' 6") Main rotor blade chord: 0.53 m (1' 9") Tail rotor blade chord: 0.213 m (8.4") Length, overall (main rotor fore and aft): 17.62 m (57' 9 5/8") Length of fuselage: 12.7 m (41' 10 ¾") Height, overall , tail rotor turning (excl fin tip antenna): 4.41 m (14' 5 ½") Height to top of main rotor head: 3.60 m (11' 9 ¾") Stabilizer span: 2.84 m (9' 4") Width over skids: 2.91 m (9' 6 ½") Dimensions, internal Cabin, max width: 2.34 m (7' 8") Cabin, max height: 1.25 m (4' 1 ¼") Cabin volume, excl flight deck: approx 6.23 m³ (220 ft³) Areas Main rotor disc: 168.11 m² (1,809.56 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 5.27 m² (56.7 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: 2,363 kg (5,210 lb) Basic operating weight (troop carrier mission): 2,520 kg (5,557 lb) Mission weight: 4,100 kg (9,039 lb) Max T-O and landing weight: 4,309 kg (9,500 lb) Max zero-fuel weight: 3,660 kg (8,070 lb) Fuel: 840 kg (1,850 lb) Max disc loading: 25.6 kg/m² (5.35 lb/ft²) Max power loading: 4.13 kg/kW (8.63 lb/shp) Performance (at max T-O weight) Never exceed speed: 204 kph (110 knts; 127 mph) Max level and cruising speed: 204 kph (110 knts; 127 mph) Econ cruising speed at 1,735 m (5,700'): 204 kph (110 knts; 127 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: 488 m/min (1,600 ft/min) Service ceiling: 3,840 m (12,600') Hovering ceiling IGE: 4,145 m (13,600') Hovering ceiling OGE: 1,220 m (4,000') Range with max fuel, no allowances, no reserves at S/L: 511 km (276 nm; 318 mi) Endurance: Weapon systems: Provisions for one 7.62 mm M-240 machine-gun, or one 7.62 mm GAU-17 machine gun; two 7 x 70 mm or 19 x 70 mm rocket launchers. AFP weapon systems: Standard armed versions has an M-60 7.62 mm mounted on either M-23, M-74 or M-41 pintle mount, door machine-gun with 500 rds of ammunition. External mounting assembly allows the Huey to carry various configurations in four hardpoints. Can also carry the Gulok modular pod. Program: Sikorsky S-76 Utility Type: Twin-turbine General Purpose All-weather Helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Sikorsky S-70 Rotor system: Four-blade main rotor, with Sikorsky SC-1095 blade section. Each blade consists of a hollow oval titanium spar, titanium and nickel leading-edge abrasion strips, and glassfiber composite outer covering over Nomex honeycomb core. Blades have swept tips of Kevlar (30° on leading-edges, 10° on trailing-edges). Fully articulated aluminum rotor head, with elastomeric bearings which need no lubrication. Hydraulic lead-lag dampers and bifilar vibration absorbers on rotor head. Cross-beam four-blade tail rotor of composite materials. Rotor brake optional. Rotor drive: Conventional transmission system, with both turbines driving through freewheeling units to main gearbox. Intermediate and tail rotor gearboxes are oil lubricated. Max continuous rating of main transmission 1,300 shp (969 kW). Fuselage: Composite structure, comprising glassfiber nose, light alloy honeycomb cabin, semi-monocoque light alloy tailcone and Kevlar doors and fairings. Tail unit: Pylon structure, with tail rotor on port side. All moving tailplane, which serves also to protect passengers or ground crew from contact with tail rotor. Landing gear: Hydraulically retractable tricycle type, with single wheel on each unit. Nosewheel retracts rearward, main units inward into rear fuselage; all three units are enclosed by wheel doors when retracted. Main wheel tire size 14.5 x 5.5-6, pressure 11.38 bars (165 psi); nosewheel tire size 13 5.00-5, pressure 9.31 bars (135 psi). Hydraulic brakes; hydraulic mainwheel parking brake. Non-retractable tricycle gear, with low pressure tires optional, to increase rough terrain ground clearance. Accommodation: Pilot and co-pilot plus a maximum of twelve passengers. In this configuration passengers are seated on three four-abreast rows of seats, floor mounted at a pitch of 79 cm (31"). A number of executive layouts are available, including a four-passenger 'office in the sky' configuration. Executive versions have luxurious interior trim, full carpeting, special soundproofing, radio telephone, and coordinated furniture. Dual controls standard. Sliding doors on each side of the cabin. Baggage hold aft of cabin, with external access door on each side of the fuselage, cabin floor designed for cargo loadings of up to 976 kg/m² (200 lb/ft²). Cabin heated and ventilated Windscreen demisting and dual windscreen wipers. Windscreen heating optional. Optional cargo hook. Powerplant: Two 650 shp (485 kW) Allison 250-C30S turboshafts, with maximum continuous rating of 557 shp (515 kW), mounted above the cabin aft of the main rotor shaft. Standard fuel system has a capacity of 1,064 liters (281 US gallons; 234 Imp gallons). Extended range of fuel tanks, capacity 401 liters (105 US gallons; 88 Imp gallons), optional. Optional crash resistant fuel tanks, auxiliary 416 liters (110 US gallons) tank for installation in the baggage compartment available. Systems: Hydraulic pressure at 207 bars (3,000 psi) supplied by two pumps driven from main gearbox. Hydraulic systems max flow rate 15.9 liters/min (4.2 US gallons/min; 3.5 Imp gallons/min) Bootstrap reservoir. Pump head pressure 3.45 bars (50 psi). In VFR configuration, electrical system comprises two 200A DC starter/generators and a 24V 17Ah nickel-cadmium battery. 7.5kVA generator, and a 115V 600VA 400Hz static inverter for AC power. 34Ah battery optional. Engine fire detection and extinguishing system. Avionics and equipment: Standard equipment includes provision for dual controls; cabin fire extinguishers; cockpit, cabin, instrument, navigation and anti-collision lights; landing light; external power socket; first aid kit; and utility soundproofing. Optional armored crew seats, removable troop seats, cargo hook, rescue hoist, engine air particle separators, air conditioning, emergency flotation gear, full IFR instrumentation, litter installation and Hamilton Standard AFCS available. Collins VHF-20 com transceiver and intercom system standard. Optional avionics available according to configuration, including VHF nav receivers, transponder, compass system, weather radar, flight director system, radar altimeter, ADF, DME, VLF, nav system and ELT and sonic transmitters. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 13.41 m (44' 0") Tail rotor diameter: 2.44 m (8' 0") Main rotor blade chord: 0.39 m (1' 3 ½") Tail rotor blade chord: 0.16 m (6 ½") Length, overall rotors turning: 16.00 m (52' 6") Length of fuselage: 13.22 m (43' 4 ½") Fuselage max width: 2.13 m (7' 0") Fuselage max depth: 1.83 m (6' 0") Height, overall rotor turning: 4.52 m (14' 9 ¾") Tailplane span: 3.15 m (10' 4") Wheel track: 2.54 m (8' 4") Wheel base: 5.00 m (16' 5") Tail rotor ground clearance: 1.97 m (6' 5 ¾") Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: 2.46 m (8' 1") Cabin, max width: 1.93 m (6' 4") Cabin, max height: 1.35 m (4' 5") Floor area: 4.18 m² (45 ft²) Cabin volume: 5.78 m³ (204 ft³) Baggage compartment volume: 1.08 m³ (38 ft³) Areas Main rotor disc: 141.21 m² (1,520 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 4.67 m² (50.27 ft²) Tailplane: 2.00 m² (21.5 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty, standard equipment: 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) Max fuel weight, standard: 861 kg (1,898 lb) Max fuel weight, auxiliary: 325 kg (716 lb) Max payload: 2,132 kg (4,700 lb) Max external load: 1,497 kg (3,300 lb) Max T-O weight: 4,672 kg (10,300 lb) Max disc loading: 33.07 kg/m² (6.77 lb/ft²) Performance [A] at gross weight of 4,536 kg (10,000 lb); [B] at gross weight of 3,810 kg (8,400 lb) Never exceed speed: 286 kph (155 knts; 178 mph) Max cruising speed: [A] 269 kph (145 knts; 167 mph); [B] 286 kph (155 knts; 178 mph) Cruising speed for max range: [A] 232 kph (144 mph; 125 knts) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: 411 m/min (1,350 ft/min) Service ceiling: [A] 4,575 m (15,000') Hovering ceiling IGE: [A] 1,890 m (6,200'); [B] 3,415 m (11,200') Hovering ceiling OGE: Operational radius: Range with 12 passengers, standard fuel, 30 min reserves: 748 km (404 nm; 465 mi) Range with 8 passengers, auxiliary fuel, and offshore equipment: 1,112 km (600 nm; 691 mi) Endurance: Weapon systems: AFP weapon systems: Standard mount includes one 7 x 70 mm rocket launcher and one FN Herstal 12.7 mm machine-gun pod. Additional M-60 7.62 mm mounted on either M-23, M-74 or M-41 pintle mount, door machine-gun with 500 rds of ammunition are sometimes mounted for additional fire. Program: Eurocopter/Messeschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH BO-105CB Type: Five-seat light helicopter Origin: Germany Similar aircraft: OH-6 Cayuse, McDonnell Douglas 500MD, Alouette III, Mi-4 Hound Rotor system: Four-blade main rotor, comprising rigid titanium head and GRP blades, with titanium anti-erosion strip forming leading-edge and vibration damper on each blade. MBB designed 'droop-snoot' blades of NACA 23012 asymmetrical section, having a specially designed trailing-edge giving improved control in pitching moment. Flexible tension/torsion blade retention, to take up centrifugal forces. Roller bearings for pitch change. Main rotor blade folding optional. Two-blade semi-rigid tail rotor; blades of GRP, with stainless steel anti-erosion strip on leading-edge. Main rotor rpm 424. Tail rotor rpm 2,220. Main and tail rotors electrically deiced. Rotor drive: Main transmission utilizes two bevel gear input stages with freewheeling clutches and a spur collection gear stage. Planetary reduction gear; three auxiliary drives for accessories. Main transmission rated for twin-engine input of 345 shp (257 kW) per engine, or a single engine input of 380 shp (283 kW). Main rotor brake standard. Tail rotor gearbox on fin. Main rotor/engine rpm ratio 1:14.2. Tail rotor/engine rpm ratio 1:2.7. Fuselage: Conventional light alloy semi-monocoque structure of pod and boom type. Glassfiber reinforced cowling over powerplant. Titanium sheet engine deck. Short, thick, oval-shaped, and rounded at nose and rear with a glassed-in cockpit and landing skids. Tail unit: Horizontal stabilizer of conventional light alloy construction with endplate fins. The tail features a swept-back and tapered fin with small rectangular fins mounted at the tips of the rectangular flats and the rotor on the left. Landing gear: Skid-type, with cross tubes designed for energy absorptions by plastic deformation in the event of a heavy landing. Inflatable emergency floats can be attached to skids. Accommodation: Pilot and co-pilot or passenger on individually adjustable front seats with safety belts and automatic locking shoulder harnesses. Optional dual-control. Bench seats at rear for three persons, removable for cargo and stretcher carrying. Both cabin and cargo compartment have paneling, sound insulation and floor covering. Entire rear fuselage aft of seats and under powerplant available as freight and baggage space, with access through two clamshell doors at rear. Two standard stretchers can be accommodated side by side in ambulance role. One forward opening hinged and jettisonable door and one sliding door on each side of the cabin. Ram air and electrical ventilation system. Heating system optional. Powerplant: Two 420 shp (313 kW) Allison 250-C20B turboshafts, each with a max continuous rating of 400 shp (298 kW). Bladder fuel tanks under cabin floor, capacity 580 liters (153.2 US gallons; 127.5 Imp gallons), of which 570 liters (150.6 US gallons; 125.3 Imp gallons) are useable. Fueling point on port side of cabin. Auxiliary tanks in freight compartment available optionally. Oil capacity: engine 12 liters (3.2 US gallons; 2.6 Imp gallons), gearbox 11.6 liters (3.96 US gallons; 2.55 Imp gallons). Systems: Tandem fully redundant hydraulic system, pressure 103.5 bars (1,500 psi), for powered main rotor controls. System flow rate 6.2 liters/min (1.64 US gallons/min; 1.36 Imp gallons/min). Bootstrap/oil reservoir, pressurized at 1.7 bars (25 psi). Electrical system powered by two 150A 28V DC starter/generators and a 24V 25Ah nickel-cadmium battery; external power socket. Avionics and equipment: Built for rough weather and has special equipment for the IFR and night flying which allows terrain hugging over the roughest ground and guarantees maneuverability even with negative load factors. Standard equipment includes basic flight instruments, engine instruments, heated pitot, tiedown rings in cargo compartment, cabin and cargo compartment dome lights, position lights and collision warning lights. A wide range of optional avionics and equipment is available, including stability augmentation system, Doppler navigation, search radar, dual controls, heating system, windscreen wiper, rescue winch, landing light, searchlight, externally mounted loudspeaker, fuel dump valve, external load hook, settling protectors, snow skids, infra-red signature suppressors, and main rotor blade folding. Most of the PNAG units are fitted with search radars, Jacob's ladders and have commando support capabilities. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 9.84 m (32' 3 ½") Tail rotor diameter: 1.90 m (6' 2 ¾") Main rotor blade chord: 0.27 m (10' 3/8") Tail rotor blade chord: 0.18 m (7") Distance between rotor centers: 5.95 m (19' 6 ¼") Length including main and tail rotors: 11.86 m (38' 11") Length excluding main and tail rotors: 8.56 m (28' 1") Length of fuselage pod: 4.30 m (14' 1") Height to top of main rotor head: 3.0 m (9' 10") Width over skids, unladen: 2.53 m (8' 3 ½") Width over skids, laden: 2.58 m (8' 5 ½") Rear loading doors, height: 0.64 m (2' 1") Rear loading doors, width: 1.4 m (4' 7") Dimensions, internal Cabin, including cargo compartment Max width: 1.40 m (4' 7") Max height: 1.25 m (4' 1") Volume: 4.80 m³ (169 ft³) Cargo compartment Length: 1.85 m (6' 0 ¾") Max width: 1.20 m (3' 11 ¼") Max height: 0.57 m (1' 10 ½") Floor area: 2.25 m² (24.2 ft²) Volume: 1.30 m³ (45.9 ft³) Areas Main rotor disc: 76.05 m² (818.6 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 2.835 m² (30.5 ft²) Weights and loadings Basic empty weight: 1,276 kg (2,813 lb) Standard fuel, useable: 456 kg (1,005 lb) Fuel, incl auxiliary tanks: 776 kg (1,710 lb) Standard T-O weight: 2,400 kg (5,291 lb) Max T-O weight: 2,500 kg (5,511 lb) Max T-O weight, with external cargo: 2,600 kg (5,731 lb) Max disc loading: 32.9 kg/m² (6.74 lb/ft²) Performance [A] standard T-O weight; [B] at max T-O weight Never exceed speed at S/L: [A] 270 kph (145 knts;167 mph); [B] 242 kph (131 knts; 150 mph) Max cruising speed at S/L: 242 kph (131 knts; 150 mph) Best range speed at S/L: 204 kph (110 knts; 127 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L, max continuous power: [A] 480 m/min (1,575 ft/min); [B] 419 m/min (1,375 ft/min) Vertical rate of climb at S/L, T-O power: [A] 183 m/min (600 ft/min); [B] 91 m/min (300 ft/min) Max operating altitude: [A] 5,180 m (17,000'); [B] 3,050 m (10,000') Service ceiling: 5,180 m (17,000') Service ceiling, one engine out (30.5 m/min (100 ft/min) climb reserve, T-O power): [A] 890 m (2,920') Hovering ceiling IGE, T-O power: [A] 2,560 m (8,400'); [B] 1,525 m (5,000') Hovering ceiling OGE, T-O power: [A] 1,615 m (5,300'); [B] 457 m (1,500') Range with standard fuel and max payload, no reserves, at S/L: [A] 575 km (310 nm; 357 mi) [B] 570 km (307 nm; 354 mi) Range with standard fuel and max payload, no reserves, at 1,525 m (5,000'): [A] 657 km (355 nm; 408 mi); [B] 596 km (321 nm; 370 mi) Ferry range with auxiliary tanks, no reserves, at S/L: [A] 1,000 km (540 nm; 621 mi); [B] 995 km (537 nm; 618 mi) Ferry range with auxiliary tanks, no reserves, at 1,525 m (5,000'): [A] 1,112 km (600 nm; 691 mi); [B] 1,020 km (550 nm; 634 mi) Endurance with standard fuel and max payload, no reserves, at S/L: [A] 3 hrs 30 min; [B] 3 hrs 24 min Weapon systems: External stores are mounted on weapons racks on each side of the fuselage, with each rack having one hardpoint, and can easily be reconfigured for different armed duties, and particularly to support the following specific weapon systems: anti-tank missiles, rocket launchers, pod-mounted gun, gun turret, side-firing machine gun. Provisions for a variety of alternative military loads, including six Hot or eight TOW ATGM and associated stabilized sight; or a Saab/Emerson HeliTow installation; or two 7 x 70 mm rocket launchers; or two 12 x 68 mm SNEB rocket launchers; or two 28 x 50 mm SNIA rocket launchers; or two AS-12 ASM pods; or Stinger AAM pod. Qualifications of Lucas Aerospace 12.7 mm machine-gun turret system for use on B0-105 and NBO-105 was underway in 1987. Turret mounts an FN gun and is aimed by a Ferranti helmet sight. AFP weapon systems: PN Air Group units are currently not equipped with any type of weapon systems. Program: Robinson Helicopter Company R22 Beta II Type: Two-seat light helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Design Features: Simple, pod-and-boom light helicopter; horizontal stabiliser, starboard side only; vertical stabiliser above and below boom; offset to starboard; tail rotor mast. Horizontally mounted piston engine drives transmission through multiple V belts and sprag-type overrunning clutch; main and tail gearboxes use spiral bevel gears, maintenance free flexible couplings of proprietary manufacture used in both main and tail rotors drives. Two-blade semi-articulated main rotor, with tri-hinged undersling torot head to reduce blade felxing, rotor vibration and control force feedback, and an elastic teeter hinge stop to prevent blade-boom contact whenstarting or stopping rotor in high winds; blade section NACA 63-015 (modified); two-blade tail rotor on port side; rotor brake standard. Rotor system: All metal bonded blades with stainless steel spar and leading edge. Two-blade, tri-hinged main rotor, which eliminates the need for lag hinges, dampers, and hydraulic struts. Thick stainless steel leading edge on main rotor blades prevents dust and rain erosion. Two-blade, low-tip speed tail rotor. Rotor drive: Precision-engineered RPM governor automatically controls engine RPM during all normal operations. Rotor brake allows the pilot to stop the rotor quickly, greatly reducing shutdown time and the risk of injury to ground personnel. Maintenance-free flexible couplings are used in place of universal joints or gear couplings in the main and tail drive systems. Teflon-lined, elastomeric, and sealed bearings eliminate most lubrication requirements. Fuselage: Conventional semi-monocoque structure of pod and boom type, with wide, unobstructed views. Frame section of steel tube, light alloy skin. Large windows in each door allow clear sideward vision from both seats. Tail unit: Light alloy tailboom Landing gear: Welded steel tube and light alloy skid landing gear, with energy absorbing crosstubes. Accommodation: Two seats side by side in enclosed cabin with inertia reel shoulder harness. Curved two-panel, tinted windscreen. Removable door, with tinted window, on each side. Baggage space beneath each seat. Cabin heated and ventilated. Optional, removable dual-control on passenger side. Both seats hinge up for access to concealed storage areas for carry-on bags, briefcases, supplies, and other belongings. A custom Robinson travel bag is standard equipment on new R-22s. Fresh air vents in the cabin nose and each door provide generous ventilation for pilot and passenger. The optional heater distributes heat during cold weather operations. Powerplant: One 131 hp (97.68 kW, derated) Textron Lycoming O-360 Four-Cylinder piston engine at 2,652 rpm, mounted in the lower rear section of the main fuselage, with cooling fan. Light alloy main fuel tank in upper rear section of the fuselage on port side, useable capacity 72.67 liters (19.2 US gallons; 16.0 Imp gallons), optional auxilliary fuel tank capacity 39.75 liters (10.5 US gallons; 8.7 Imp gallons). Oil capacity 5.7 liters(1.5 US gallons; 1.25 Imp gallons). Transmission overhaul interval 2,220 or 12 years. Systems: Electrical system, powered by 12V DC alternator includes navigation,panel and map lights, dual landing lights, anti collision light and battery. Automatic clutch engagement, simplifies start-up procedure and reduces the possibility of an overspeed. Avionics and equipment: Comms: Bendix/King KY 197A VHF com radio; KT 76C transponderwith Mode C altitude encoder; and NAT AA 80 intercom system with floor and hand switches. Options includes Garmin 430 GPS/COM/VOR/LOC/GS with 106A CDI replacing KY 197A; Pointer 3000-10 or 4000-10 (Canadian spec) ELT; NAT AA 12 intercom controller, and David Clark H10-13H or Bose series X headsets. Flight: Garmin 150XL, 250XL and 400 GPS optional. Instrumentation: Standard equipment includes ASI; VSI; rotor/engine dual tachometer, sensitive altimeter; magnetic compass; digital OAT gauge; CHT gauge; oil temperature and pressure gauges; ammeter; hours meter; manifold pressure gauge; quartz clock; and warning lights for low voltage, low oil pressure, low fuel, low rotor rpm and horm, main gearbox temperature, main and tail rotor gearbox chips, starter engaged, and rotor brake engaged. Optional instruments includes BFG (AIM) 205-1ADG; turn co-ordinator, PAI-700 vertical compass (replaces standard compass); United Instruments IVSI (replaces standard VSI); LC-2 digital clock (replaces standard clock); and Millibar altimeter. Primary controls are actuated by maintenance-free bellcranks and push-pull tubes, eliminating the need for control cables and pulleys. Pistol-grip cyclic controls incorporate two-position trigger switches for intercom and transmit. Grips also have buttons for convenient storing and switching of COMM frequencies. Carburetor heat assist, enhances safety and reduces pilot workload by automatically adding carb heat when the collective is lowered and reducing carb heat when the collective is raised. Robinson's patented cyclic design eliminates uncomfortable stick between knees and eases cabin entry and exit. High-quality voice-activated intercom eliminates the need to use intercom switches during doors-on flights. Floor and hand intercom switches are included for doors-off operations. Equipment: Standard equipment includes rotr brakel tinted windscreen and windows; belly hardpoint; dual landing lights; navigation, panel and map lights; anti collision light; ground handling wheels; rotor blade tiedowns; and windscreen cover. Optional equipment includes three cylinder engine priming system; RHC oil filter; cabin heater/defogger; metallic base or trim exterior colors, and leather seats. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 7.67 m (25.17') Tail rotor diameter: 1.07 m (3' 6") Main rotor blade chord: 0.18 m (7 ¼") Tail rotor blade chord: Distance between rotor centers: 4.39 m (14' 5") Length including main and tail rotors: 8.76 m (28.74') Length excluding main and tail rotors: 6.58 m (21.58') Length of fuselage pod: 6.30 m (20' 8") Height to top of main rotor head: 2.72 m (8.92') Height to top of cabin: 1.75 m (5' 9") Width over skids: 1.93 m (6.33') Dimensions, internal Cabin max width: 1.12 m (3' 8") Areas Main rotor blades (each): 0.70 m² (7.55 ft²) Tail rotor blades (each): 0.04 m² (0.40 ft²) Main rotor disc: 46.21 m² (497.4 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 0.89 m² (9.63 ft²) Fin: 0.21 m² (2.28 ft²) Stabilser: 0.14 m² (1.53 ft²) Weights and loadings Basic empty weight: 387.82 kg (855 lb) Standard fuel, useable: 52.16 kg (115 lb) Fuel, incl auxiliary tanks: Max T-O and landing weight: 621.42 kg (1,370 lb) Max power loading at T-O: 6.37 kg/kW (10.46 lb/hp) Performance Never exceed speed (Vne) without sling load: 190 kph (102 knts; 118 mph) Never exceed speed (Vne) with sling load: 139 kph (75 knts; 86 mph) Cruising speed at 70% power at FL80: 177 kph (96 knts; 110 mph) Econ cruising speed: 153 kph (82 knts; 95 mph) Best range speed at S/L: 204 kph (110 knts; 127 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: 304.8 m/min (1,000 ft/min) Rate of climb at 3,048 m (10,000'): 182.88 m/min (600 ft/min) Vertical rate of climb at S/L, T-O power: Max operating altitude: 4,267.2 m (14,000') Service ceiling: Hovering ceiling IGE at 1,370 GW: 2,865.12 m (9,400') Hovering ceiling OGE, T-O power: Range with standard fuel no reserves with max payload: 321.87 km (173.79 nm; 200 mi) Range with max fuel: 482 km (260 nm; 300 mi) Endurance at 65% power, auxilliary fuel, no reserves: 3 hr 20 min Weapon systems: None AFP weapon systems: PN Air Group units are currently not equipped with any type of weapon systems. Program: ***************************** Support Aircraft, Fixed-Wing ***************************** Lockheed model 382 USAF designation C-130B/H and model 382E commercial designation L-100-20 'Hercules' Type: Medium/long range combat transport Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Belfast, An-12 Cub Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane. Wing section NACA 64A318 at root, NACA 64A412 at tip. Dihedral 2° 30'. Incidence 3° at root 0° at tip. Sweepback at quarter-chord 0°. All-metal two spar stressed skin structure, with integrally stiffened tapered machined skin panels up to 14.63 m (48' 0") long. Conventional aluminum alloy ailerons have tandem-piston hydraulic boost, operated by either of two independent hydraulic systems. Lockheed-Fowler aluminum alloy trailing-edge flaps. Trim tab in each aileron. Leading-edges anti-iced by engine bleed air. Fuselage: Semi-monocoque structure of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Tail unit: Cantilever all-metal stressed skin structure. Fixed incidence tailplane, with Kevlar afterbody strake on understructure at each side close to fuselage. Trim tab in each elevator and rudder. Elevator tabs use AC electrical power as primary source and DC as emergency source. Control surfaces have tandem-piston hydraulic boost. Hot air anti-icing of tailplane leading-edge, by engine bleed air. Landing gear: Hydraulically retractable tricycle type. Each main unit has two wheels in tandem, retracting into fairings built on to the sides of the fuselage. Nose unit has twin wheels and is steerable through 60° each side of center. Oleo shock absorbers. [H] Main wheel tire size 56 x 20-20, pressure 6.62 bars (96 psi). Nosewheel tire size 39 x 13-16, pressure 4.14 bars (60 psi); [L-100-20] Main wheel tire size 56 x 20-20, pressure 3.24-7.38 bars (47-107 psi). Nosewheel tire size 39 x 13-16, pressure 4.14 bars (60 psi). Goodyear air-cooled multiple disc hydraulic brakes with anti-skid units. Retractable combination wheel-skis available optionally. Accommodation: Crew of four on flight deck, comprising of pilot, co-pilot, navigator and systems manager (fully performance qualified flight engineer on USAF aircraft). Provisions for fifth man to supervise loading. Sleeping quarters for relief crew, and galley. Flight deck and main cabin pressurized and air-conditioned. Standard complements for C-130 are as follows: troops (maximum) 92, paratroops (maximum) 64, litters 74 and 2 attendants. As cargo carrier, loads can include heavy equipment such as 12,080 kg (26,640 lb) type F.6 refueling trailer or a 155 mm howitzer and its high-speed tractor, or up to five 463L pallets of freight. Hydraulically operated main loading door and ramp at rear of cabin. Paratroop door on each side aft of landing gear fairing. Two emergency exit doors standard. Powerplant: [B] 4,050 shp (2,978kW) Four Allison T56-A-7A turboprops; [H] Four 4,508 ehp (3,363 kW) Allison T-56-A-15 turboprops; [L-100-20] Four 4,508 ehp (3,362 kW) Allison 501-D22A turboprops, each driving a Hamilton Standard type 54H60 four-blade constant-speed fully-feathering reversible pitch propeller. Fuel in six integral tanks in wings, with total capacity of 26,344 liters (6,960 US gallons; 5,795 Imp gallons) and two optional underwing pylon tanks, each with capacity of 5,146 liters (1,360 US gallons; 1,132 Imp gallons). Total fuel capacity 36,636 liters (9,680 US gallons; 8,060 Imp gallons). Single pressure refueling point in starboard wheel well. Overwing gravity fueling. Oil capacity 182 liters (48 US gallons; 40 Imp gallons). Systems: Air-conditioning and pressurization system maximum pressure differential 0.52 bars (7.5 psi). Three independent hydraulic systems, utility and booster systems operating at a pressure of 201 bars (3,000 psi), rated at 65.1 liters/min (17.2 US gallons/min) for utility and booster systems, 30.3 liters/min (8.0 US gallons/min) for auxiliary system. Reservoirs are unpressurized. Auxiliary system has handpump for emergencies. Electrical system supplied by four 40kVA AC alternators, plus one 40kVA auxiliary alternator driven by APU in port main landing gear fairing. Four transformer-rectifiers for DC power. Avionics and equipment: Dual 628T-2A HF com, dual 618M-3A VHF com, AN/ARC-164 UHF com, AN/AIC PA system, AN/AIC-18 intercom, dual 621A-6A ATC transponders, DF-301E UHF Nav, dual 51RV-4B VHF nav, CMA 771 Omega nav, LTN-72 INS, dual DF-206 ADF, 51Z-4 marker beacon receiver, dual 860E-5 DME, AL-101 radio altimeter, RDR-IF weather radar, dual C-12 compass systems, Mk2 GPWS, AP-105V autopilot, and dual FD-109 flight directors. Dimensions, External Wing span: 40.41 m (132' 7") Wing chord, at root: 4.88 m (16' 0") Wing chord, at mean: 4.16 m (13' 8 ½") Wing aspect ratio: 10.09 Length, overall: [B] 29.78 m (97' 9"); [H] 29.79 m (97' 9"); [L-100-20] 32.33 m (106' 1") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: [B] 11.68 m (38' 4"); 11.66 m (38' 3") Tailplane span: 16.05 m (52' 8") Wheel track: 4.35 m (14' 3") Wheel base: [H] 9.77 m (32' 0 ¾"); [L-100-20] 11.30 m (37' 1") Propeller diameter: 4.11 m (13' 6") Main cargo door, rear of cabin, height: 2.77 m (9' 1") Main cargo door, rear of cabin, width: 3.05 m (10' 0") Main cargo door, rear of cabin, height to sill: 1.03 m (3' 5") Paratroop door, height: 1.83 m (6' 0") Paratroop door, width: 0.91 m (3' 0") Paratroop door, height to sill: 1.03 m (3' 5") Emergency exit, height: 1.22 m (4' 0") Emergency exit, width: 0.71 m (2' 4") Crew door, height: [L-100-20] 1.14 m (3' 9") Crew door, width: [L-100-20] 0.76 m (2' 6") Crew door, height to sill: 1.04 m (3' 5") Dimensions, Internal Cabin, excl flight deck, length: [L-100-20] 15.04 m (49' 4") Cabin, excl flight deck, length, without ramp: 12.22 m (40' 1 ¼") Cabin, excl flight deck, length, with ramp: 15.73 m (51' 8 ½") Cabin, excl flight deck, max width: 3.12 m (10' 3") Cabin, excl flight deck, height: [H] 2.81 m (9' 2 ¾"); [L-100-20] 2.74 m (9' 0") Cabin, excl flight deck, floor area, excl ramp: [H] 39.5 m² (425 ft²); [L-100-20] 46.36 m² (499 ft²) Cabin, excl flight deck, floor area, ramp: [L-100-20] 9.57 m² (103 ft²) Cabin, excl flight deck, volume incl ramp: [H] 127.4 m³ (4,500 ft³); [L-100-20] 150.28 m³ (5.307 ft³) Cabin volume: [B] 121.7 m³ (4,300 ft³) Areas Wings, gross: 162.12 m² (1,745 ft²) Ailerons, total: 10.22 m² (110 ft²) Trailing edge flaps, total: 31.77 m² (342 ft²) Fin: 20.90 m² (225 ft²) Rudder, incl tab: 6.97 m² (75 ft²) Tailplane: 35.40 m² (381 ft²) Elevator, incl tabs: 14.40 m² (155 ft²) Weights and loadings Operating weight, empty: [H] 34,686 kg (76,469 lb); [L-100-20] 34,781 kg (76,680 lb) Fuel, internal: 20,520 kg (45,240 lb) Fuel, external: 8,020 kg (17,680 lb) Max payload: [H] 19,356 kg (42,673 lb); [L-100-20] 23,637 kg (52,110 lb) Max ramp weight: [L-100-20] 70,670 kg (155,800 lb) Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: [B] 61,235 kg (135,000 lb); [H] 70,310 kg (155,000 lb); [L-100-20] 70,308 kg (155,000 lb) Max landing weight: [H] 70,310 kg (155,000 lb); [L-100-20] 61,235 kg (135,000 lb) Max overload T-O/landing weight: 79,380 kg (175,000 lb) Max zero fuel weight, 2.5 g: [H] 54,040 kg (119,142 lb); [L-100-20] 54,420 kg (128,790 lb) Max fuel weight: [L-100-20] 29,380 kg (64,772 lb) Max wing loading: [H] 434.5 kg/m² (89 lb/ft²); [L-100-20] 433.5 kg/m² (88.8 lb/ft²) Max power loading: 5.23 kg/kW (8.6 lb/ehp) Performance (at max T-O weight, except where indicated) Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: 602 kph (325 knts; 374 mph) Max cruising speed at 6,100 m (20,000') at 54,430 kg (120,000 lb) AUW: [L-100-20] 571 kph (308 knts; 355 mph) Econ cruising speed: 556 kph (300 knts; 345 mph) Stalling speed: 185 kph (100 knts; 115 mph) Landing speed: [L-100-20] 230 kph (124 knts; 143 mph) Max rate of climb at S/L: [H] 579 m/min (1,900 ft/min); [L-100-20] 518 m/min (1,700 ft/min) Time to climb: Service ceiling at 58,970 kg (130,000 lb) AUW: 10,060 m (33,000') Service ceiling at 58,970 kg (130,000 lb) AUW, one engine out: 8,075 m (26,500') Min ground turning radius: [H] 19.2 m (63'); [L-100-20] 26.8 m (88') Runway LCN at 70,310 kg (155,000 lb) AUW, asphalt: 37 Runway LCN at 70,310 kg (155,000 lb) AUW, concrete: 42 Runway LCN, asphalt: [L-100-20] 37 Runway LCN, concrete: [L-100-20] 42 T-O run: 1,091 m (3,580') T-O run to 15 m (50'): 1,573 m (5,160') FAR T-O field length: [L-100-20] 1,905 m (6,250') FAR landing field length, at max landing weight: [L-100-20] 1,478 m (4,850') Landing run from 15 m (50') at 45,360 kg (100,000 lb) AUW: 731 m (2,400') Landing run from 15 m (50') at 58,967 kg (130,000 lb) AUW: 838 m (2,750') Landing run at 58,967 kg (130,000 lb) AUW: 518 m (1,700') Operational radius: Range with max payload, with 5% reserves and allowance for 30 min at S/L: 3,791 km (2,046 nm; 2,356 mi) Range with max fuel, incl external tanks, 7,081 kg (15,611 lb) payload, reserves of 5% initial fuel plus 30 min at S/L: 7,876 km (4,250 nm; 4,894 mi) Range with max payload, 45 min reserves: [B] 3,539 km (1,911 nm; 2,000 mi); [L-100-20] 2,472 km (1,334 nm; 1,536 mi) Range with zero payload: [L-100-20] 8,951 km (4,830 nm; 5,562 mi) g Limits: Endurance: Weapon systems: None AFP weapon systems: None Program: Pilatus Britten-Norman Ltd. BN-2 'Islander' Type: Twin-engined feederline transport Origin: United Kingdom Similar aircraft: Trislander, P.68 Victor, N.22 Nomad Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane. NACA 23012 constant wing section. No dihedral. Incidence 2°. No sweepback. Conventional riveted two-spar torsion box structure in one piece, using L72 aluminum-clad aluminum alloys. Flared-up wingtips of Britten-Norman design. Wingtip fuel tanks optional. Slotted aileron and single-slotted flaps of metal construction. Flaps operated electrically, ailerons by pushrods and cables. Ground adjustable tab on starboard aileron. BTR-Goodrich pneumatic de-icing boots optional. Fuselage: Conventional riveted four-longeron semi-monocoque structure of pressed frames and stringers and metal skin, using L72 aluminum-clad aluminum alloys. Tail unit: Cantilever two-spar structure, with pressed ribs and metal skin, using L72 aluminum-clad aluminum alloys. Fixed incidence tailplane and mass balanced elevator. Rudder and elevator are actuated by pushrods and cables. Trim tabs in rudder and elevator. Pneumatic de-icing of tailplane and fin optional. Landing gear: Non-retractable tricycle-type, with twin wheels on each main unit and single steerable nosewheel. Cantilever main legs mounted aft of rear spar. All three legs fitted with oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers. All five wheels and tires size 16 x 7.7 supplied by Goodyear. Tire pressure: main 2.41 bars (35 psi); nose 2.00 bars (29 psi). Foot operated air-cooled Cleveland hydraulic brakes on main units. Parking brake. Wheel/ski gear available optionally. Accommodation: Up to ten persons, including pilot, on side by side seats and four bench seats. No aisle. Seat backs fold forward. Access to all seats via three forward opening doors, forward of wing and at rear of cabin on port side and forward of wing on starboard side. Baggage compartment at rear of cabin, with port side loading door in standard versions. Exit in emergency by removing door windows. Special executive layouts available. Can be operated as freighter, carrying more than a ton of cargo; this configuration the passenger seats can be stored in rear baggage bay. In ambulance role, up to three stretchers and two attendants can be accommodated. Other layouts possible, include photographic and geographical survey, parachutist transport or trainer (with accommodation for up to eight parachutist and a dispatcher), firefighting, public health spraying and crop spraying. Powerplant: Two Avco Lycoming flat-six engines each driving a Hartzell HC-C2YK-2B or 2C two-blade constant speed feathering metal propeller. Propeller synchronizers optional. Standard powerplant is the 260 hp (194 kW) O-540-E4C5 (designated BN-2B-26) horizontally-opposed piston engines, but the 300 hp (224 kW) IO-540-K1B5 (designated BN-2B-20) can be fitted at customer's option. Optional Rajay turbocharging installation on 260 hp (194 kW) engines, to improve high altitude performance. Integral fuel tank between spars in each wing, outboard of engine. Total fuel capacity (standard) 518 liters (137 US gallons; 114 Imp gallons). With optional wingtip fuel tanks, total capacity is increased to 855 liters (226 US gallons; 188 Imp gallons). Additional pylon mounted underwing auxiliary tanks, each 227 liters (60 US gallons; 50 Imp gallons) capacity, available optionally. Refueling point in upper surface of wing above each internal tank. Total oil capacity 22.75 liters (6 US gallons; 5 Imp gallons). Systems: Southwind cabin heater standard. 45,000 BTU Stewart Warner combustion unit, with circulating fan, provides hot air for distribution at floor level outlets and at windscreen demisting slots. Fresh air, boosted by propeller slipstream, is ducted to each seating position for on-ground ventilation. Electrical DC power, for instruments, lighting and radio, from two engine driven 24V 50A self-rectifying alternators and a controller to main busbar and circuit breaker assembly. Emergency busbar is supplied by a 24V 17Ah heavy duty lead-acid battery in the event of a twin alternator failure. Ground power receptacle provided. Optional electric de-icing of propellers and windscreen, and pneumatic de-icing of wing and tail unit leading-edges. Intercom system, including second headset, and passenger address system are standard. Oxygen system available optionally. Avionics and equipment: Standard items include blind-flying instrumentation, autopilot, dual flying controls and brake system. and a wide range of VHF and HF communications and navigation equipment. Some PNAG units are equipped with search radars and cameras for short-range Maritime surveillance. Dimensions, External Wing span: 14.94 m (49' 0") Wing chord, constant: 2.03 m (6' 8") Wing aspect ratio: 7.4 Length, overall: 10.86 m (35' 7 ¾") Fuselage max width: 1.21 m (3' 11 ½") Fuselage max depth: 1.46 m (4' 9 ¾") Height, overall: 4.18 m (13' 8 ¾") Tailplane span: 4.67 m (15' 4") Wheel track, c/l of shock absorbers: 3.61 m (11' 10") Wheel base: 3.99 m (13' 1 ¼") Propeller diameter: 1.98 m (6' 6") Cabin door, height, front port: 1.10 m (3' 7 ½") Cabin door, width, top, front port: 0.64 m (2' 1 ¼") Cabin door, height to sill, front port: 0.56 m (1' 11 ¼") Cabin door, height, front starboard: 1.10 m (3' 7 ½") Cabin door, max width, front starboard: 0.86 m (2' 10") Cabin door, height to sill, front starboard: 0.57 m (1' 10 ½") Cabin door, height, rear port: 1.09 m (3' 7") Cabin door, width, top, rear port: 0.635 m (2' 1") Cabin door, width, bottom, rear port: 1.19 m (3' 11") Cabin door, height to sill, rear port: 0.52 m (1' 8 ½") Baggage door, height, rear port: 0.69 m (2' 3") Dimensions, Internal Passenger cabin, aft of pilot's seat, length: 3.05 m (10' 0") Passenger cabin, aft of pilot's seat, max width: 1.09 m (3' 7") Passenger cabin, aft of pilot's seat, height: 1.27 m (4' 2") Passenger cabin, aft of pilot's seat, volume: 3.68 m³ (130 ft³) Baggage space aft of passenger cabin: 1.39 m³ (49 ft³) Freight capacity, aft of pilot's seat incl rear cabin baggage space: 4.70 m³ (166 ft³) Freight capacity, with four bench seats folded into rear cabin baggage space: 3.68 m³ (130 ft³) Areas Wings, gross: 30.19 m² (325 ft²) Ailerons, total: 2.38 m² (25.6 ft²) Flaps, total: 3.62 m² (39.0 ft²) Fin: 3.41 m² (36.64 ft²) Rudder, incl tab: 1.60 m² (17.2 ft²) Tailplane: 6.78 m² (73.0 ft²) Elevator, incl tabs: 3.08 m² (33.16 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped, without avionics: 1,925 kg (4,244 lb) Max payload: 870 kg (1,918 lb) Max fuel weight: [standard] 354 kg (780 lb); [with optional tip tanks] 585 kg 1,290 lb) Typical mission weights Max T-O and landing weight: 2,993 kg (6,600 lb) Max zero fuel weight (BCAR): 2,855 kg (6,300 lb) Max wing loading: 99.1 kg/m² (20.3 lb/ft²) Max floor loading, without cargo panels: 586 kg/m² m (120 lb/ft²) Max power loading: 6.68 kg/kW (11.0 lb/hp) Performance (at max T-O weight) Never exceed speed: 339 kph (183 knts; 211 mph) Max level speed at S/L: 280 kph (151 knts; 173 mph) Max cruising speed, at 75% power, 2,135 m (7,000'): 264 kph (142 knts; 164 mph) Cruising speed, at 67% power, 2,750 m (9,000'): 254 kph (137 knts; 158 mph) Cruising speed, at 59% power, 3,660 m (12,000'): 245 kph (132 knts; 152 mph) Stalling speed: [flaps up] 92 kph (50 knts; 57 mph IAS); [flaps down] 74 kph (40 knts; 46 mph IAS) Max rate of climb at S/L: 334 m/min (1,130 ft/min) Rate of climb one engine out: 61 m/min (200 ft/min) Absolute ceiling: 6,005 m (19,700') Service ceiling: 5,240 m (17,200') Service ceiling, one engine out: 1,980 m (6,500') Min ground turning radius: 9.45 m (31' 0") T-O run at S/L, zero wind, hard runway: 234 m (866') T-O run at 1,525 m (5,000'): 372 m (1,221') T-O run to 15 m (50') at S/L, zero wind, hard runway: 352 m (1,155') T-O run to 15 m (50') at 1,525 m (5,000'): 496 m (1,628') Landing run from 15 m (50'), at S/L, zero wind, hard runway: 299 m (980') Landing run from 15 m (50'), at 1,525 m (5,000'): 357 m 1,170') Landing run at S/L, zero wind, hard runway: 140 m (460') Landing run at 1,525 m (5,000'): 171 m (560') Operational radius: Range at 75% power at 2,315 m (7,000'): 1,028 km (555 nm; 639 mi) Range at 67% power at 2,750 m (9,000'): 1,070 km (577 nm; 665 mi) Range at 59% power at 3,660 m (12,000'): 1,136 km (613 nm; 706 mi) g Limits: Endurance, one way: 6 hrs Weapon systems: (BN-2 'Defender') Four NATO standard underwing pylons for a variety of external stores, the inboard pair each carrying up to 317.5 kg (700 lb) and the outboard pair up to 204 kg (450 lb). Typical underwing loads include twin 7.62 mm machine-gun in pod racks, 114 or 227 kg (250 or 500 lb) GP bombs, Matra rocket packs, SURA rocket clusters, wire guided missiles, 5" reconnaissance flares, anti-personnel grenades, smoke bombs, marker bombs and 227 liters (60 US gallons; 50 Imp gallons) drop tanks. AFP weapon systems: Normally none, but the aircraft can perform offensive missions with installation of 4 underwing pylons with a capacity of 1,045 kg (2,300 lb) of munitions. Program: Fokker F-27-200, F-27-500 'Friendship' and F-27MPA 'Maritime' Type: Twin-turboprop short-haul transport, Maritime reconnaissance aircraft Origin: Netherlands Similar aircraft: Grumman S-2 Tracker, Herald, Coke/Curl, F-50 Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane. Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Retractable tricycle type. Accommodation: [Mk. 200] Crew of two on flight deck plus forty-four passengers; [Mk. 500] Crew of two on flight deck plus fifty-two passengers; [F-27MPA] Crew of up to six persons. All versions have pressurized cabins. Powerplant: [Mk. 200] Two Rolls Royce Dart Mk. 532 turboprops; [Mk. 500] Two Rolls Royce Dart Mk. 528 turboprops; [F-27MPA] Two 2,330 eshp (1,738 ekW) Rolls-Royce Dart Mk. 552 turboprops, all driving a four-blade propeller with spinner. Systems: Pneumatic system Avionics and equipment: [F-27MPA] Litton APS-504 S.R. under-fuselage search radar, nose-mounted Bendix weather radar, magnetic anomaly detector, sonar, sonobuoys and navigational systems; [Mk. 500] FAA and ICAO compliant avionics package. Dimensions, External Wing span: 29.0 m (95' 2") Wing chord: Wing aspect ratio: Length, overall: [Mk. 200] 23.5 m (77' 2"); [Mk. 500] 25.06 m (82' 2 ½"); [F-27MPA] 23.56 m (77' 3 ½") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: [F-27MPA] 8.70 m (28' 6 ½") Elevator span: Wheel track: Wheel base: Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: 70.0 m² (753 ft²) Ailerons, total incl tabs: Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: Dorsal Fin: Rudder, incl tab: Tailplane: Elevator, incl tab: Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: [F-27MPA] 13,725 kg (30,258 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 19,950 kg (42,000 lb); [F-27MPA] 22,680 kg (50,000 lb) Max wing loading: Max power loading: Performance Max speed: [F-27MPA] 463 kph (287 mph) Max cruising speed: 483 kph (300 mph); [Mk. 500] 522 kph (325 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: Time to climb: Service ceiling: 9,900 m (32,600') T-O run at S/L: Landing run at S/L: Operational radius: Range: 1,468 km (912 mi); [Mk. 500] 1,741 km (1,082 mi); [F-27MPA] 5,000 km (3,107 mi) g Limits: Endurance: [F-27MPA] 12 hrs Weapon systems: [Mk. 200 & 500] None; [F-27MPA] Provision for up to 3,930 kg (8,664 lb) of disposable stores carried on two fuselage pylons and six underwing hardpoints; typical weapons include up to four AS torpedoes; or AM.39 Exocet, Sea Eagle, Harpoon, Maverick or Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. AFP weapon systems: None Program: Fokker F-28-3000 'Fellowship' Type: Twin-turbofan, short/medium-haul transport Origin: Netherlands Similar aircraft: F-100 Wings: Cantilever low-wing monoplane. Fuselage: Tail unit: Cantilever light alloy T structure. Landing gear: Retractable tricycle type. Accommodation: Crew of two on flight deck plus up to seventy-nine passengers. Powerplant: Two Rolls Royce RB183 Spey Mk. 555 turbofan engines mounted on the rear fuselage. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Cabin pressurized. Dimensions, External Wing span: 25.07 m (82' 3") Wing chord: Wing aspect ratio: Length, overall: 27.40 m (89' 11") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: Elevator span: Wheel track: Wheel base: Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: 78.97 m² (850 ft²) Ailerons, total incl tabs: Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: Dorsal Fin: Rudder, incl tab: Tailplane: Elevator, incl tab: Weights and loadings Manufacturer's basic empty weight: Weight, empty, equipped: Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 33,100 kg (73,000 lb) Max wing loading: Max power loading: Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: 843 kph (523 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: Time to climb: Service ceiling: 10,700 m (35,000') T-O run at S/L: Landing run at S/L: Operational radius: Range: 1,900 km (1,180 mi) g Limits: Endurance: Weapon systems: None AFP weapon systems: None Program: GAF N.22B 'Nomad/ Missionmaster' Type: Multi-role utility aircraft Origin: Australia Similar aircraft: BN-2 Islander Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane, braced with struts with double slotted flaps and drooping ailerons. Fuselage: All metal, semi-monocoque structure. Tail unit: Landing gear: Retractable tricycle type with twin-wheel main units and a single-wheel nose unit. Accommodation: Crew of two and up to 17 passengers. Powerplant: Two 420 shp (313 kW) Allison 250-B17C turboprops Systems: Avionics and equipment: Optional dual controls. Dimensions, External Wing span: 16.52 m (54' 2 ½") Wing chord: Wing aspect ratio: Length, overall: 12.56 m (41' 2 ½") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: 5.52 m (18' 1 ¼") Elevator span: Wheel track: Wheel base: Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: 30.10 m² (324 ft²) Ailerons, total incl tabs: Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: Dorsal Fin: Rudder, incl tab: Tailplane: Elevator, incl tab: Weights and loadings Weight, empty: 2,150 kg (4,740 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 3,855 kg (8,500 lb) Max wing loading: Max power loading: Performance Max speed: 311 kph (168 knts; 193 mph) Max cruising speed: 269 kph (167 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: Time to climb: Service ceiling: 6,400 m (21,000') T-O run at S/L: Landing run at S/L: Operational radius: Max range: 1,352 km (730 nm; 840 mi) g Limits: Endurance: Weapon systems: Four underwing hardpoints each rated at 227 kg (500 lb) can carry gun pods, rocket launchers, and various air munitions. AFP weapon systems: None Program: Cessna model R172E 'Skyhawk' USAF designation T-41D 'Mescalero' Type: Primary Pilot Trainer Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Wings: Cantilever high-wing monoplane. Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Non-retractable tricycle type. Accommodation: One pilot and one student pilot. Baggage capacity 90.5 kg (200 lb). Powerplant: One 210 hp (156.5 kW) Continental IO-360-D, flat six-cylinder piston engine driving a McCauley 2A34-C209/78CCA-2 two-blade constant-speed propeller. Two fuel tanks in wings with total capacity of 197 liters (52 US gallons), of which 174 liters (46 US gallons) are useable. Provision for long-range tanks, giving total useable capacity of 238 liters (63 US gallons). Refueling points above wing. Oil capacity 9.5 liters (2.5 US gallons). Systems: Avionics and equipment: 28V electrical system. Dimensions, External Wing span: 10.92 m (35' 10") Wing chord at root: 1.63 m (5' 4") Wing aspect ratio: 7.52 Length, overall: 8.21 m (26' 11") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: 2.68 m (8' 9 ½") Elevator span: Tailplane span: 3.45 m (11' 4") Wheel track: 2.53 m (8' 3 ½") Wheel base: 1.63 m (5' 4") Propeller diameter: 1.93 m (6' 4") Passenger door height (each): 1.01 m (3' 3 ¾") Passenger door width (each): 0.89 m (2' 11") Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: 16.17 m² (174 ft²) Ailerons, total: 1.70 m² (18.3 ft²) Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: 1.04 m² (11.24 ft²) Rudder: 0.69 m² (7.43 ft²) Tailplane: 2.0 m² (21.56 ft²) Elevator, incl tab: 1.35 m² (14.53 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: 637 kg (1,405 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight and landing: 1,156 kg (2,550 lb) Max wing loading: 71.3 kg/m³ (14.6 lb/ft³) Max power loading: 7.39 kg/kW (12.1 lb/hp) Performance (at max T-O weight) Never exceed speed: 293 kph (158 knts; 182 mph) Max speed at S/L: 246 kph (133 knts; 153 mph) Max cruising speed at 1,675 m (5,500'): 233 kph (126 knts; 145 mph) Econ cruising speed at 3,050 m (10,000'): 169 kph (91 knts; 105 mph) Stalling speed, flaps up: 103 kph (55.6 knts; 64 mph) Stalling speed, flaps down: 85 kph (46 knts; 53 mph) Max rate of climb at S/L: 268 m/min (880 ft/min) Time to climb: Service ceiling: 5,180 m (17,000') T-O run: 226 m (740') T-O run to 15 m (50'): 375 m (1,230') Landing run from 15 m (50'): 387 m (1,270') Landing run: 189 m (620') Operational radius: Range with max fuel at econ cruising speed at 3,050 m (10,000'): 1,625 km (877 nm; 1,010 mi) g Limits: Endurance: Weapon systems: None AFP weapon systems: None Program: Cessna 210 'Centurion' Type: Six-seat high performance, general aviation aircraft Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Cessna 206, Piper Saratoga, Piper Malibu, Beechcraft Bonanza Wings: Cantilever high-wing strutless monoplane. Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Non-retractable tricycle type. Accommodation: One pilot and up to five passengers. Powerplant: One 285 bhp Continental TSIO-520-R engine driving a three-blade propeller with spinner. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: 12.12 m (39' 9") Wing chord: Wing aspect ratio: Length, overall: 8.59 m (28' 2") Fuselage max width: Fuselage max depth: Height, overall: 2.95 m (9' 8") Elevator span: Wheel track: Wheel base: Dimensions, Internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Wings, gross: Ailerons, total incl tabs: Trailing edge flaps, total: Fin: Dorsal Fin: Rudder, incl tab: Tailplane: Elevator, incl tab: Weights and loadings Weight, empty: 1,090.91 kg (2,400 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 1,818.18 kg (4,000 lb) Max wing loading: (22.9 lb/ft²) Max power loading: Performance Max speed: (199 knts) Max cruising speed: Stalling speed: Rate of climb: 284 m/min (930 ft/min) Time to climb: Service ceiling: 8,232 m (27,000') T-O run at S/L: Landing run at S/L: Operational radius: Range, 75% power at 7,317 m (24,000'): (1,000 nm) g Limits: Endurance: Weapon systems: None AFP weapon systems: None Program: ***************************** Support Aircraft, Rotary-Wing ***************************** Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. model 214 ST Type: Tactical transport helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Bell 205 Rotor system: Rotor drive: Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Provision for up to eighteen passengers. Powerplant: Two 1,625 shp (1,212 kW) General Electric CT7-2 turboshafts. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 15.85 m (52' 0") Tail rotor diameter: Tail rotor blade chord: Distance between rotor centers: Length, rotors turning: 18.95 m (62' 2.05") Length of fuselage pod: Height: 4.84 m (15' 10.5") Width over skids: Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Main rotor disc: Tail rotor disc: Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 7,938 kg (17,500 lb) Max disc loading: Performance Never exceed speed: 256 kph (159 mph) Max cruising speed: Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: Service ceiling: Hovering ceiling IGE: Hovering ceiling OGE: Operational radius: Range: 805 km (500 mi) Endurance: Weapon systems: AFP weapon systems: None Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. model 412SP/EP Type: Tactical transport helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: Rotor system: Four-blade composite main rotor. Rotor drive: Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Flight deck of two, with provision for up to fifteen passengers. Powerplant: One 1,800 shp (1,342 kW), flat-rated to 1,308 shp (975 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3B-E Turbo Twin Pac turboshafts. Systems: Avionics and equipment: [Bell 412 EP] Dual digital, automatic flight control system. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 14.02 m (46') Tail rotor diameter: Tail rotor blade chord: Distance between rotor centers: Length: 12.7 m (41' 9") Length, rotors turning: 17.07 m (56') Length of fuselage pod: Height: 4.57 m (15') Width over skids: Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Main rotor disc: 154.39 m² (1,661 ft²) Tail rotor disc: Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: 3,066 kg (6,759 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 5,397 kg (11,900 lb) Max T-O weight with external load: Max disc loading: Performance Never exceed speed at S/L: 241 kph (140 knts; 150 mph) Max cruising speed: 230 kph (124 knts; 143 mph) Stalling speed: Rate of climb: Service ceiling: 4,330 m (14,200') Hovering ceiling IGE: Hovering ceiling OGE: Operational radius: Max range: 420 km (227 nm; 261 mi) Endurance: Weapon systems: AFP weapon systems: None Aerospatiale SA.330L 'Puma' Type: Twin-turbine all-weather, day and night, medium transport helicopter Origin: France Similar aircraft: Super Frelon, HH-3E Jolly Green Giant, SH-3 Sea King, CH-53 Sea Stallion, Mi-8 Hip, UH-60 Black Hawk Rotor system: Four-blade main rotor, driven by a gearbox, which combines the output from the engines to the main drive shaft. Rotor drive: Fuselage: Conventional, all-metal semi-monocoque structure. Tail unit: Tailboom of monocoque construction, with a five-blade tail rotor attached to the starboard tailboom with a horizontal stabilizer to port. Landing gear: Semi-retractable tricycle type with two wheels on each unit. Accommodation: Flight deck of three, with provision for up to sixteen passengers or six litters. Powerplant: Two 1,575 shp (1,175 kW) Turbomeca Turmo IVC turboshafts, mounted on top of the fuselage, forward of the main rotor assembly. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 15.00 m (49' 2.6") Tail rotor diameter: 3.05 m (9' 11 ½") Tail rotor blade chord: Distance between rotor centers: Length, rotors turning: 18.15 m (59' 6.6") Length of fuselage pod: Height: 5.14 m (16' 10.4") Wheel track: Wheel base: Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: Cabin, max width: Cabin, height: Cabin volume: Areas Main rotor disc: 177.0 m² (1,905.3 ft²) Tail rotor disc: Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: 3,615 kg (7,970 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 7,400 kg (16,314 lb) Max T-O weight with external load: 7,500 kg (16,535 lb) Max disc loading: Performance Never exceed speed: 258 kph (139 knts; 177 mph) Max cruising speed: 258 kph (138 knts; 160 mph) Stalling speed: Rate of climb: 552 m/min (1,810 ft/min) Service ceiling: 4,800 m (15,750') Hovering ceiling IGE: Hovering ceiling OGE: Operational radius: Range, without reserves: 570 km (310 nm; 360 mi) Endurance: Weapon systems: Generally none, but can include 7.62 mm forward firing machine-guns, 20-mm side-firing cannon, missiles and rocket launchers. AFP weapon systems: None Sikorsky S-70C 'Blackhawk' Type: Twin-turbine utility helicopter Origin: USA Similar aircraft: S-76 Seahawk Rotor system: Four-blade main rotor. Sikorsky SC-1095 blade section, with thickness-chord ratio of 9.5%. Middle section has leading-edge droop and trailing edge tab to overcome vortex impingement from preceding blade in cruising flight. Blade twist 18°. Blade tips swept back 20°. Each blade consist of hollow oval titanium spar, Nomex honeycomb core, graphite trailing-edge and root, covered with glassfiber/epoxy, with glass fiber leading-edge counterweight, titanium leading-edge sheath and Kevlar tip. Blades are tolerant to 23 mm gunfire damage, and are pressurized and equipped with gauges providing fail-safe confirmation of blade structural integrity. Electrically heated de-icing mat in leading-edge of each blade of both main and tail rotors. Forged titanium one-piece rotor head with C/R Industries elastomeric bearings which require no lubrication, reducing rotor head maintenance by 60%. Bifilar self-tuning vibration absorber on rotor head. Manual blade folding. Canting of tail rotor (20° to port) increases vertical lift and allows greater CG travel. 'Cross beam' of four-blade tail rotor of composite materials, eliminating all rotor head bearings. Rotor drive: Conventional transmission system with both turbines driving through freewheeling units to main gearbox. This is of modular construction to simplify maintenance. Transmission can operate for 30 min following total oil loss. Intermediate and tail rotor gearboxes oil lubricated. Main rotor shaft can be lowered for storage or air transport. Fuselage: Conventional semi-monocoque light alloy structure, designed to retain 85% of its passengers and a flight deck space in a vertical crash at 11.5 m/sec (38 fps), a lateral crash at 12.2 m/sec (40 fps). It can also withstand a combined force of 20g forward and 10g downward. Composite materials including glassfiber and Kevlar are used for the cockpit, doors, canopy, fairings and engine cowlings. Glassfiber Nomex floors. Tail unit: Pylon structure with port-canted tail rotor mounted on starboard side. Tail pylon design permits normal forward flight and roll-on landing if tail rotor is destroyed. Large variable incidence tailplane has a control system which senses airspeed, collective lever position, pitch attitude rate, and lateral acceleration. Tailplane is set at about +34° incidence in the hover, and -6° for autorotation. Tailplane moved by dual electric actuators, with manual backup. Tailboom folds (to starboard) immediately forward of tail pylon for transport and storage. Landing gear: Non-retractable tailwheel type with single wheel on each unit. Energy absorbing main gear with a tailwheel which gives protection for the tail rotor in taxiing over rough terrain or during a high-flare landing. Axle assembly and main gear oleo shock absorbers by General Mechatronics. Mainwheel tire size 26 x 10.00-11, pressure 8.96-9.65 bars (130-140 psi); tailwheel tire size 15 x 6.00-6, pressure 6.21-6.55 bars (90-95 psi). Accommodation: Flight deck of two, with provision for 12 passengers in standard cabin configuration and up to 19 passengers in high density layout. Forward hinged doors on each side of flight deck for access to cockpit area. External cargo hook, having a 3,630 kg (8,000 lb) lift capacity, enables the S-70C to transport a 105 mm howitzer, its crew of five and 50 rounds of ammunition. Cabin mounted rescue hoist of 272 kg (600 lb) capacity and aero-medical evacuation kit optional. Large rearward sliding door on each side of the fuselage for rapid entry and exit. Powerplant: Two 1,625 shp (1,212 kW) General Electric CT7-2C or 1,723 shp (1,285 kW) CT7-2D turboshafts. Combined transmission rating (continuous) 3,130 shp (2,334 kW). Maximum fuel capacity 1,370 liters (362 US gallons; 301 Imp gallons). Systems: Solar 90 hp (67 kW) T-62T-40-1 APU. Garret engine start system. An optional winterization kit provide a second hydraulic accumulator, maintaining engine start capability at low ambient temperatures; Bendix 30/40kVA and 20/30kVA electrical power generators; 17Ah nickel-cadmium battery. Engine fire extinguishing system. Rotor blade de-icing system optional. Avionics and equipment: Com equipment comprises E-systems AN/ARC-186 VHF-FM, GTE Sylvania AN/ARC-115 VHF-AM, Magnavox AN/ARC-164 UHF-AM, Collins AN/ARC-186(V) VHF-AM/FM, Bendix AN/APX-100 IFF transponder, Magnavox TSEC/KT-28 voice security set, and intercom. Nav equipment comprises Emerson AN/ARN-89 ADF, Bendix AN/ARN-123(V)1 VOR/marker/beacon/glidescope receiver, Sperry AN/ASN-43 gyrocompass, Singer Kearfott AN/ASN-128 Doppler and Honeywell AN/APN-209(V)2 radar altimeter. Hamilton Standard AFCS with digital three-axis autopilot. Dimensions, external Main rotor diameter: 16.36 m (53' 8") Main rotor blade chord: 0.53 m (1' 8 ¾") Tail rotor diameter: 3.35 m (11' 0") Tail rotor blade chord: Distance between rotor centers: Length overall, rotors turning: 19.76 m (64' 10") Length, rotors and tail pylon folded: 12.60 m (41' 4") Length of fuselage: 15.26 m (50' 0 ¾") Fuselage max width: 2.36 m (7' 9") Fuselage max depth: 1.75 m (5' 9") Height overall, tail rotor turning: 5.13 m (16' 10") Height to top of rotor head: 3.76 m (12' 4") Height in air transportable configuration: 2.67 m (8' 9") Tailplane span: 4.38 m (14' 4 ½") Wheel track: 2.705 m (8' 10 ½") Wheel base: 8.83 m (28' 11 ¾") Tail rotor ground clearance: 1.98 m (6' 6") Cabin door height: 1.37 m (4' 6") Cabin door width: 1.75 m (5' 9") Dimensions, internal Cabin, length: 3.84 m (12' 7") Cabin, max width: 2.34 m (7' 8") Cabin, height: 1.37 m (4' 6") Cabin floor area: 8.18 m² (88 ft²) Cabin volume: 10.96 m³ (387 ft³) Baggage compartment volume: 0.52 m³ (18.5 ft³) Areas Main rotor blades, each: 4.34 m² (46.7 ft²) Tail rotor blades, each: 0.41 m² (4.45 ft²) Main rotor disc: 210.05 m² (2,261 ft²) Tail rotor disc: 8.83 m² (95.0 ft²) Tailplane: 4.18 m² (45.0 ft²) Vertical stabilizer: 3.0 m² (32.3 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty: 4,607 kg (10,158 lb) Max external load: 3,630 kg (8,000 lb) Fuel: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 9,185 kg (20,250 lb) Max disc loading: Performance (ISA, at max T-O weight) Never exceed speed: 361 kph (195 knts; 224 mph) Max level speed at S/L): 290 kph (157 knts; 180 mph) Max cruising speed: Cruising speed at S/L: 268 kph (145 knts; 167 mph) Stalling speed: Max rate of climb at S/L: 615 m/min (2,020 ft/min) Service ceiling: 4,360 m (14,300') Service ceiling, one engine out: 1,095 m (3,600') Hovering ceiling IGE: Hovering ceiling OGE: 1,204 m (3,950') Operational radius: Range at 250 kph (135 knts; 155 mph) at 915 m (3,000'), with max standard fuel, 30 min reserves: 473 km (255 nm; 294 mi) Range with max fuel, no reserves: 550 km (297 nm; 342 mi) Endurance: 3 hrs Weapon systems: Provision for one or two side-firing machine-guns in forward area of the cabin; Hellfire missiles, rockets; mine dispensers and other stores on ESSS; infra-red jamming flares and Tracor XM130 chaff dispenser. AFP weapon systems: None ************* Capital Ships ************* Rajah Humabon (Cannon) class Destroyer Escort/Frigate (1) PF 11 BRP Rajah Humabon (ex USS Atherton DE 169; ex Hatsuhi DE 263; ex Rajah Humabon PF 6) Type: Light Frigate/Destroyer Escort Displacement, full load: (1,390 T standard); 1,750 T Dimensions: 93.27 m x 11.15 m x 3.56 m (306' x 36.6' x 14') Main Machinery: 4 x 6,000 shp (4.5 mW) GM mod. 16-278A diesel electric, tandem motor drive, 2 shafts Speed: 20 knts Range: [max] 20,000 km (12,430 mi); [cruising] 17,377 km (10,800 mi at 12 knts) Complement: 165 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 3 x Mk. 22 3"/50 SP (76 mm) Range: 12 km (6.6 nm) Rate of Fire: 20 rpm Gunfire Control System: Mk. 52 GFCS Rangefinder: Mk. 51 Secondary Gun: 3 x Bofors Mk. 3 40 mm/56 (Twin) Range: 11 km (5.9 nm); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 160 rpm Gunfire Control System: Mk. 51 Mod 2 GFCS Rangefinder: Optical Tertiary Gun: 4 x Oerlikon Mk. 4 20 mm/70 Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: 2 x 12.7 mm HMG Anti-submarine Mortar: 1 x Manual Mk. 10 Hedgehog (warhead 26 kg, 24 rockets) Range: 350 m Depth Charge: 1 x 8 K-gun Mk. 6 Projectors (warhead 150 kg) Range: 160 m Radars Surface Search: Raytheon SPS-5; G/H band Range: 37 km (20 nm) Navigation: RCA/GE Mk. 26; I band Sonar: SQS 17B, hull-mounted, active search and attack, medium frequency Builders: Federal SB & DD, Newark, New Jersey Year(Laid Down/First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): 14 January 1943/ 29 August 1943/ 27 February 1980 Program: The USN had six classes of destroyer escorts during WW II and the Cannon class was the longest-ranged DE (radar picket, long hull) ship at that time. They were constructed as ocean-going escort ships and about 70 ships of this class were constructed between 1942 and 1944. PF 11 (ex DE 169) commissioned in 29 August 1943, USN, operated under Task Force 62, on escort duty for transatlantic convoys, credited for sinking the German sub U-853 in 9 May 1945 during WW II and was awarded one battle star for WW II service. Decommissioned from USN on 10 December 1945. Served in Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force as DE 263, Hatsuhi from 14 June 1955 to June 1975, reverted to USN in 1975, then sold to the PN in 23 December 1978, officially commissioned in 27 February 1980 after she was towed to South Korea. Currently serving in the West Philippine Sea near the disputed Spratlys under the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. PF 11 is currently the largest of the PN warships. Structure: Retired in 1993 but was reactivated in 1995-1996, where she had a minor refit, all ASW equipment removed including depth charge, torpedo tubes and sonar due to lack of available spare parts.. Modernization: Towed to Korea for modernization and overhaul, and additional guns were added before transferred to PN. Overhauled in 1995. Further upgraded/ refurbished in 1998. Undergone extensive hull and engine overhaul in 2000 during the CARAT exercises with the assistance of USN ship USS Salvor. Additional electronics upgrades includes Furuno Satcom and a mast-mounted FLIR package. Rizal (Auk) class Minesweeper/Patrol Corvette (2) PS 70 BRP Manuel Quezon (ex HMS Exploit BAM 24; ex USS Vigilance AM/MSF 324) PS 74 BRP Jose Rizal (ex USS Murrelet AM/MSF 372; ex Jose Rizal PCE/PS 69) Type: Corvette/Light Frigate Displacement, full load: (1,090 T, standard) 1,250 T Dimensions: 69.75 m x 9.82 m x 3.28 m (228.79' x 32.21' x 10.8') Main Machinery: 2 x 3,532 hp GM 12-278 diesel electric drive engines, [PS 70] Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear, 2 shafts [PS 74] Westinghouse single reduction gear, 2 shafts Speed: 18 knts Range: 10,545 km (6,554 mi) Complement: 5 Officers + 75 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x Mk. 26 3"/50 SP (76 mm) Range: 12 km (6.6 nm) Rate of Fire: 20 rpm Gunfire Control System: Mk. 52 GFCS Rangefinder: Secondary Gun: 2 x Bofors Mk. 3 40 mm/56 (Twin) Range: 11 km (5.9 nm); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 160 rpm Gunfire Control System: Mk. 51 GFCS Rangefinder: Optical Tertiary Gun: 2 x Oerlikon Mk. 4 20 mm (Twin) Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: 2 x 12.7 mm HMG Torpedoes: 3 x 324 mm Mk. 32 triple tubes, Mk. 44 anti-submarine active homing (warhead 26 kg) Range: 5.5 km (3 nm) Speed: 30 knts Anti-submarine Mortars: 1 x Mk. 10 Manual Hedgehog (warhead 26 kg, 24 rockets) Range: 350 m Depth Charge: 2 x Mk. 9 Racks Range: Radars Surface Search: Raytheon SPS-5C; G/H band Range: 37 km (20 nm) Navigation: DAS 3; I band Sonar: Tarcan55 b4-a; SQS-17B, hull-mounted, active search and attack, high frequency Aircrafts: MBB BO-105C (PS 70 only) Builders: Associated SB, Seattle, Washington (PS 70); Savannah Machinery & Foundry Co., Savannah, Georgia (PS 74) Year(Laid Down/First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): PS 70 28 November 1942/ 28 February 1944/ 19 June 1967; PS 74 24 August 1944/ 24 August 1945/ 18 June 1965 Program: Ex USN fleet minesweepers, and were the first class of ocean-going minesweepers designed during WW II. PS 74 (ex AM 372) served in minesweeping operations in Japanese and Korean waters in 1946, participated during the Korean crisis until December 1953, redesignated MSF 372 in 7 February 1955, decommissioned from USN in 1957, transferred to the PN under military assistance program in 18 June 1965 as PCE 69, reclassified as PS 69, then PS 74. PS 70 (ex AM 324), originally laid down for the Royal Navy as HMS Exploit BAM 24, but the USN decided to keep her. Generally served as an escort, minesweeper and AA/ASW patrol. Part of MinRon 4 during the invasion at Okinawa, gunning down several Japanese aircrafts, providing support to damaged ships and rescuing survivors. Assigned to Task Unit 39.11.4, afterwards until the Japanese surrendered and was then based in Japan during the occupation. Decommissioned on 30 January 1947 She was awarded three battle stars for her WW II service. She was reclassified as MSF 324 in 7 February 1955 and transferred to the PN as a grant-aid on 19 August 1967. Both ships stricken in 1994 but returned to service in 1995-1996. PS 74 is among the most active of the PN WW II era ships. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: Upon transfer to the PN, the mine-sweeping equipment was removed and additional 1 x 3"/50 SP (76 mm) gun fitted aft (PS 74 only); additional anti-submarine weapons also fitted. PS 70 has bulwarks on iron decks to end of superstructure which PS 74 does not have. Now have a helicopter flight deck (but no facilities) in place of place of 3" gun. Modernization: Both ships overhauled in 1995 with assistance from Hatch & Kirk, which involved major engine parts replacements. Recent upgrades includes a satellite radio dish, for communications. Jacinto (Peacock) class Patrol Corvette (3) PS 35 BRP Emilio Jacinto (ex HMS Peacock) PS 36 BRP Apolinario Mabini (ex HMS Plover) PS 37 BRP Artemio Ricarte (ex HMS Starling) Type: Corvette Displacement, full load: 763 T Dimensions: 62.6 m x 10 m x 2.72 m (205.32' x 32.8' x 8.92') Main Machinery: 2 x 7,094 bhp APE-Crossley SEMT-Pielstick diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 28 knts Range: 2,500 nm at 17 knts Complement: 6 Officers + 25 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x OTO Melara 76 mm Compact DP Range: 18 km (10 nm) Rate of Fire: 80 rpm Gunfire Control System: [original] BAe GAS 7 Sea Archer Mk. 1 Electro Optical Director and GEC V3800 Thermal imager; [uprated] Radamec 1500 All-weather, Day and Night, Electro Optical Tracking and Gunfire Control System Rangefinder: Secondary Gun: [uprated] 1 x MSI Defence System Ltd. 25 mm chain gun Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: [uprated] Radamec 1500 All-weather, Day and Night, Electro Optical Tracking and GFCS Rangefinder: Tertiary Gun: 2 x Mk. 14 20 mm Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: 2 X 12.7 mm MG Radars Surface Search: Kelvin Hughes Type 1006 Range: Navigation: Kelvin Hughes Type 1006 Sonar: Builders: Hall Russel, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom Year(First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): PS 35 1983/ 1 August 1997; PS 36 1984/ 1 August 1997; PS 37 1984/ 1 August 1997 Program: Commissioned in the Royal Navy in 1984 and originally formed the Hong Kong Squadron, sold to the Philippines upon the return of Hong Kong to China in 1998 for $20-M for all three including plans and IPR were transferred to the PN. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: By far, among the most modern capital surface ships of the PN. These ships are fully air-conditioned and were designed to stay at sea during rough weather. Bilge keels were deepened to correct rolling problems during moderate and heavy seas. Armed with OTO Melara 76 mm Compact DP, which can fire 6 kg shells in excess of 15 kilometers. They carry two additional Mk. 14 20 mm guns amidships. The ship also carries an aft crane and two, 40-knot Rigid-hull Inflatable pursuit craft, which can carry six personnel. Modernization: PN ordered nine units of generators for the JCPV which were procured through direct contracting, with Propmech Philippines as the contractor for a project price of P29.868-M, with all 9 generators delivered on June 2005. JCPV uprating to accommodate C4I systems. Phase 1 uprating (electronic and weapons systems) was undertaken through government-to-government contract with the UK, with the project being awarded to QinetiQ Ltd. of UK. Contract price is at P959.44-M. The project will enable the vessels to perform a greater number and variety of missions. The vessels were dry-docked at Keppel SY in Batangas where 97% of the spare parts have been delivered on December 21, 2005. It involved the installation of Ultra Electronics Command and Control Systems and Radamec 1500 optronic director with a daylight TV camera, thermal imaging camera and eyesafe laser rangefinder. and its integration with the existing refurbished 76 mm gun and the newly installed aft 25 mm gun. The system provides fire control for surface engagements with spotting corrections in both line and range and has an effective secondary self-defense anti-air capability. The Radamec 1500 can detect a small patrol boat at ranges in excess of 12 kilometers day or night and can perform in automatic of manual mode. It also involved the installation and integration of new navigation systems - Raytheon gyrocompasses, Sperry Marine Bridge Master E Series radar, GPS system, anemometer and EM logs. All ships have already undergone Phase I uprating which resulted in the optimum utilization of precision enfilade naval gunfire to support land forces engaged in ISO and effective on-scene command and control platforms for SAR, anti-smuggling and anti-drug-trafficking operations. Phase II is for the marine engineering/propulsion upgrade, which includes the hull modifications and repair, overhaul of the main machinery including all electricals, control, monitoring and auxiliary systems and crew training. It has an approved budget of P354-M and the prime contractor is F.F. Cruz Marine Corp. Phase III is SLEP, which is still under bidding. May be armed with SSMs in the future. Malvar (Admirable/PCER 848/PCE 881) class Patrol Corvette (8) PS 19 BRP Miguel Malvar (ex USS Brattleboro PCER/EPCER 852; ex Ngoc Hoi HQ 12) PS 20 BRP Magat Salamat (ex USS Gayety AM/MSF 239; ex Chi Lang II HQ 08) PS 22 BRP Sultan Kudarat (ex USS Crestview PCER 895; ex Dong Da II HQ 07) PS 23 BRP Datu Marikudo (ex USS Amherst PCER 853; ex Van Kiep II HQ 14) PS 28 BRP Cebu (ex USS PCE 881) PS 29 BRP Negros Occidental (ex USS PCE 884) PS 31 BRP Pangasinan (ex USS PCE 891) PS 32 BRP Iloilo (ex USS PCE 897) Type: Corvette Displacement, full load: (640 T, standard); 922 T Dimensions: 56.24 m x 10.26 m x 2.87 m (184.5' x 33.65' x 9.8') Main Machinery: [PS 20] 2 x 1,710 hp (1.28 mW) Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesels, National Supply Co. single reduction gear; 2 shafts; [PS 19, 22-32-] 2 x 2,200 hp (1.64 mW) GM 12-278A diesels, Falk single reduction gear, 2 shafts Speed: 15 knts Range: 8,325 km (5,174 mi) Complement: 8 officers + 77 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x 3"/50 SP (76 mm) Range: 12 km (6.6 nm) Rate of Fire: 20 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Secondary Gun: 2-6 x Bofors Mk. 3 40 mm/56 (Single or 1-3 Twin) Range: 11 km (5.9 nm); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 160 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Tertiary Gun: 2 x Oerlikon Mk. 16 20 mm/70 Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: 4 x 12.7 HMG Anti-submarine Mortar: 1 x Mk. 2 81 mm Range: Radars Surface Search: SPS-21D (PS 19); Sperry SPS-53A, I/J band (PS 20); SPS-50 (PS 23); CRM-NIA-75 (PS 29, 31, 32) Range: Navigation: RCA SPN-18; I/J band Sonar: Builders: Pullman Standard Car Manufacturing Co. Chicago, Illinois (PS 19, PS 23); Winslow Marine Railway & SB Co., Seattle Washington (PS 20); Willamette Iron & Steel Co., Portland, Oregon (PS 22, PS 31, PS 32); Albina Engine and Machine Works, Portland Oregon (PS 28, PS 29) Year(Laid Down/First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): PS 19 28 October 1943/ 26 May 1944/ November 1976; PS 20 / 19 March 1944/ November 1975; PS 22 2 December 1942/ 30 October 1944/ November 1975; PS 23 16 November 1943/ 15 June 1944/ 5 April 1976; PS 28 11 August 1943/ 31 July 1944/ 1948; PS 29 / 30 March 1944/ 1975; PS 31 / 15 June 1944/ 1975; PS 32 16 December 1942/ 6 January 1945/ July 1948 Program: Part of the 122 ex-USN MSFs, PCEs and PCERs, all variations to the common Admirable class hull, designed as A/S convoy escorts and reclassified as Fleet Minesweepers (Steel Hull). Most had been transferred to South Vietnam, then escaped to the Philippines in 1975 during the fall of Saigon, and were subsequently sold. PS 19 (ex PCER 852) was first commissioned on 26 May 1944, reclassified as experimental PCER in 1946, named Brattleboro in 15 February 1956, transferred to Vietnam in 11 July 1956 as HQ 12 Ngoc Hoi, escaped and eventually sold the PN in 1975. PS 22 (ex PCE 895) first commissioned on 30 October 1944, named Crestview in 15 February 1956, transferred to Vietnam in 29 November 1961 as HQ 07 Dong Da II, escaped and eventually sold to the PN in 1975. PS 23 (ex PCER 853), served as an escort in the Leyte invasion, as an antisubmarine picket ship in Lingayen, as an escort during the assault on the Ryukyu during WW II, where she was awarded two battle stars for service. Spent time as a training ship afterwards and renamed Amherst in 1956. Transferred to South Vietnam in June 1970 and served as HQ 14 Van Kiep II until she escaped to the Philippines in 2 May 1975. PS 28 (ex PCE 881) first commissioned on 31 July 1944, transferred to the Philippines in July 1948. PS 32 (ex PCE 897) first commissioned on 6 January 1945, transferred to the Philippines in July 1948. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: PS 19-23 were originally fitted as rescue ships, PCER. PS 20 is of the Admirable class MSF the rest are PCER 848 or PCE 881class. All minesweeping and A/S equipment removed. There may be additional variations in the armament (PS 19 has two twin 40 mm, PS 20 has two 40 mm). Number of operational units unclear. Modernization: All ships underwent major refit/overhauls between 1990-1997. Alvarez (Cyclone) class Patrol Craft (1) PS 38 BRP General Mariano Alvarez (ex USS Cyclone PC 1; ex USCGC Cyclone WPC 1) Type: Large Patrol Craft/Special Operations Transport Displacement, full load: 331 T Dimensions: 54.57 m x 7.62 m x 2.44 m (179' x 25' x 8') Main Machinery: 4 x 3,350 bhp Paxman Valenta 16CM Diesel, Model 16RP200M, 1,500 engine rpm, 4 shafts Speed: [max] 35 knts; [cruising] 25 knts Range: 957 km (595 mi) at 35 knots, 4,022 km (2,500 mi) at 12 knots Complement: 4 Officers + 24 Ratings + 9 Commandos Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x M-242 25 mm Bushmaster low angle, chain gun with Mk. 19 Mod. 3 40 mm grenade launcher in a Mk. 96 mount aft and 1 x M-242 25 mm Bushmaster chain gun in a Mk. 38 mount bow Range: 2.46 km Rate of Fire: 175 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual of Electric Rangefinder: Electro-optical Secondary Gun: 2 x M-2 12.7 mm HMG (Twin); 1 x 12.7 mm HMG (Single) Range: 1.8 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Elevation: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Tertiary Gun: 2 x M-60 7.62 mm LMG Range: 1.1 km Rate of Fire: 100 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: Mk. 52 Mod 0 chaff decoy RL system Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Early Warning: APR-39(V)1 radar warning Sonar: Wesmar Series 3000 side-scanning, hull-mounted, HF sonar Builders: Bollinger Machine Shop & SY, Lockport, LA Year(Laid Down/First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): 22 June 1991/ 7 August 1993/ 6 March 2004 Program: US-built ships, based on the British Vosper-Thoryncroft design (Province/Ramadan class missile craft) but with light armament, different superstructure and accommodations for SEAL team and delivery craft, among other changes. They were intended as replacement for seventeen ageing Sea Spectre Mk. 3 for SEAL/SpecOps transport and support, but were too large to effectively serve in that role. Too cramped to accommodate additional weapons and have limited endurance for their size. Reassigned to USCG operational control, with Navy crews and Coast Guard boarding teams, for homeland defense missions. Designed to carry two 16 feet SEAL Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC) and one 18 feet Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat, but on completion carry only the RHIB. There is a recessed platform at the stern for swimmer debarking and embarking. Ammunition supply includes 2,000 rounds (25 mm), 2,000 rounds (12.7 mm), and 1,000 grenades (40 mm). PC 1 was commissioned as USS Cyclone, USN in 7 August 1993, transferred to USCG in 29 February 2000, which has not utilized it, refurbished and transferred to PN (including 2 years worth of spares) in 2004 as part of $115-M US military aid pledged by Washington, This ship costs $30-M and is the most modern ship in the ageing PN fleet. The primary mission of this ship is coastal patrol, interdiction and surveillance. This ship serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: Hull constructed from BS-4360 Grade 43A steel, superstructure constructed from 5086 aluminum alloy. Main propulsion is generated by four Paxman Valenta 16CM-16RP200M diesels, developing 3,350 bhp, driving 12.8 cm six-blade highly skewed, variable pitch and rake, NI-AL bronze MIL-B24480A, alloy 1 amendment 3 (nickel-aluminum-bronze alloy) propellers, with pitch ratio of 1.465 at 0.7 radius and designed by USN NSWCCD(Code 544 drawing number P-5237B). Four Reintjes WVS-2232 reduction gearbox, with a reduction ratio: 2.025:1. Fuel capacity is 47,772 liters (12,620 gallons). Oil capacity is 568 liters (150 gallons). Total air conditioning plants production, 83.33 kW. They can refuel at sea, using astern fueling rigs. Fully operational at Sea State 3 with cruising speed of 25 knots, with 50% fuel capacity. Ship can survive up to Sea State 5. Maximum ship endurance at 10 days. Electricity supplied by two Caterpillar Model 3306 DIT Series B, rating 150 kW @ 1,800 rpm. Reverse osmosis desalinators, having a 1,514 liters (400 gallons) capacity per day. Fresh water capacity is 4,701 liters (1,242 gallons). Equipped with Vosper fin stabilization system and a stern wedge to improve trim at high speeds. Kevlar armor is fitted to the command space. The Sperry Vision 2100M combat system employs the navigational radars and the Sperry Voyage Management System integrated navigation and control system as a combat data suite. Navigation systems include GPS and Loran receivers. Radio gear includes LST-5C SATCOM/line of sight UHF transceiver, A5 Spectra VHF radio, ICM120 Marine Band radio, and RF 5000 HF, VRC-92A VHF, and VRC-83(V)2 VHF/UHF transceivers. AN/SAT-2A infrared signaling systems are fitted, and the Marconi Vistar stabilized FLIR sensor with integral low light level television camera is mounted on the mast. Have IFF transponder but no interrogation capability, and optionally available. Wesmar side-scanning hull-mounted HF sonar with the sonar transducer is retracted within the hull at speeds above 14 knts. Modernization: Refitted by Bollinger Machine Shop and SY for the PN in 2005 and had its stern extended by nine feet to accommodate a deck ramp - which extends down to below the water line, for a 20 feet Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB). PN plans to uprate main weapon with a heavier caliber. ********************* Light Surface Vessels ********************* Aguinaldo class Patrol Craft (2 + 0 + 1) PG 140 BRP Emilio Aguinaldo PG 141 BRP Antonio Luna Type: Large Patrol Craft Displacement, full load: 279 T Dimensions: 44 m x 6.2 m x 1.6 m (144.4' x 20.34' x 5.2') Main Machinery: 4 x 2,040 hp (1.52 mW) Detroit 12V 92TA diesels, 4 shafts Speed: [max] 25 knts; [cruising] 18 knts Range: 2,035 km (1,265 mi) Complement: 6 Officers + 52 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x Bofors 40 mm/60 Range: [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 120 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 2 x Oerlikon 20 mm Range: [AA] 2 km (1.06 nm) Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Tertiary Gun: 4 x 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Cavite Naval SY Year(Commissioned in PN): PG 140 21 November 1990; PG 141 1998 Program: Philippine-built patrol crafts, PG 140 launched in 23 June 1984 but only completed in 1990, PG 141 completed in 1998. The program has been badly delayed by budget constraints, where the hulls have already been built but internal components and equipments, most which are imported have been purchased in batches, contributing to the ship's completion delay. The planned 3 additional units will not be built. A third hull, PG 142 paid off and is used as spare. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: Steel-hull design based on Tirad Pass, a large patrol craft built for the PCG by Japan in 1974. Superstructure is based on the Kagitingan-class. The largest of the locally built ships by the Cavite Naval SY. Appears to be underpowered and overcrewed. Modernization: PG 140 underwent an overhaul in 1994. There were plans before to upgrade the armament in time to include an OTO Melara 76 mm/62 gun and SAM, but were shelved. Kagitingan class Small Patrol Craft (2+ 2) PG 102 BRP Bagong Lakas PG 104 BRP Bagong Silang Type: Coastal Patrol Interdiction Craft Displacement, full load: 150 T Dimensions: 37 m x 6.2 m x 1.7 m (121.36' x 20.34' x 5.58') Main Machinery: 2 x 2,050 hp Mercedes-Benz MTU12V493TZ60 16-cylinder diesels, 2 shafts Speed: [max] 24 knts; [cruising] 16-18 knts Range: 3,700 km (2,300 mi) Complement: 4 Officers + 26 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x Emerlec 30 mm Electric mount (Twin) Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Selenia Elsag NA 10 Mod.0 GFCS Rangefinder: Orion10x Fire Control Radar Secondary Gun: 4 X 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: W. Muller, Hameln, Germany (PG 101); Cavite Naval SY (PG 102, PG 104; Philippine Dockyards Corporation (PG 103) Year(Commissioned in PN): PG 101 1979; PG 102 1979; PG 104 June 1983 Program: Sometimes, called Bagong Lipunan class, these are German designed boats; with the first two built in Germany, others assembled at Cavite, perhaps from kits. There is some confusion as to which are actually in service. PG 103 Katapangan is used as a "spare". PG 101 was reportedly decommissioned by 2004, with its weapons removed and its hull rusting at Cavite SY. Its fire control radar antenna was still intact. This ship was probably the one salvaged during Balikatan exercise in 2006. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: An unsuccessful design, underpowered being not able to achieve design speed of 28 knots. Hull is of semi-planing type with a round mid body and a flat afterplane. Main deck watertight from stem to stern and to shell. Pilothouse steering and propulsion controls arranged to permit one-man controls. Communications systems installed adjacent to the pilot house and make them readily accessible. Discarded by 1992 but some units reactivated in 1994. In 2006, joint units of the USN's Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 1 and the PN's Underwater Construction Team, Naval Construction Brigade, were able to salvage a sunken Kagitingan-class patrol craft, during the Balikatan 2006 exercises, where they spent a week patching-up holes on a fifteen-foot portion of the ship's hull, and pumping the water out. It is not known if the ship is still in operable condition. Modernization: PGs 102 and 104 underwent an overhaul in 1994, including modernization of their 30 mm guns. Batillo (Sea Dolphin/PKM 200) class Small Patrol Craft (6 + 0 + 2) PG 110 BRP Tomas Batillo PG 111 BRP Boni Serrano PG 112 BRP Bienvenido Salting PG 114 BRP Salvador Abcede PG 115 BRP Ramon Aguirre PG 116 BRP Nicolas Mahusay Type: Patrol Killer Medium Displacement, full load: 170 T Dimensions: 37 m x 6.92 m x 1.75 m (121.36' x 22.70' x 5.74') Main Machinery: 2 x 10,000 bhp Motorinen Turbinen Union MTU 16V538 TB90 diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 38 knts Range: 1,690 km (1,050 mi) at 20 knts Complement: 5 Officers + 26 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x Bofors 40 mm/60 Range: 11 km (5.9 nm); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 120 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 1 x Emerlec 30 mm Electric mount (Twin) or 2 x 20 mm GE Sea Vulcan Gatling gun Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Tertiary Gun: 2 x Oerlikon 20 mm Range: [AA] 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Raytheon 1645 Range: Navigation: Raytheon 1645 Sonar: Builders: Korea Tacoma SY, Chinhae, South Korea; Korea SB & Eng., Masan, South Korea. Year(Commissioned in PN): PG 110-115 22 May 1996; PG 116 2 July 1998 Program: Ex-South Korean boats (which has about 85 of this class in their inventory including missile boat variants with two Exocet SSMs), built in 1970-1980's, transferred in 1995 and recommisioned in 1996. Among the fastest ships in the PN inventory. PN is negotiating for additional 2 units from Korea in 2004. PGs 111, 112, 114 and 116 serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Structure: PG 112 is armed with one bow twin 30 mm one, aft Mk.3 Bofors 40 mm, two bridge wings 20 mm, four forecastle 12.7 mm and two 12.7 mm aft, with manual optical fire control system atop the bridge. This is the common weapon configuration of this class. PG 114 has a 40 mm main gun instead of the twin 30 mm, with the same secondary armaments as the others. PG 116 has a 20 mm Vulcan main gun forward, two bridge wings 20 mm, two forecastle 12.7 mm and one Bofors 40 mm aft. Modernization: Transferred from Korea in 1995 and went into refit at Sangley Point SY. PG 116 was initially to be kept as a spare. Proposals for the replacement of the MTU diesels with GM diesels, may have been shelved. Upgrade of PG 112 and PG 116 to be implemented with an approved budget of P288-M, contract was initially awarded to the consortium of Herma SY (Phil) and CAE of Canada on March 17, 2004, but the inability of the winning bidders to post the performance security led to the TWG recommending a declaration failure of bid on January 11, 2005. Rebidding conducted on November 7, 2005 with Propmech Corp. declared as single calculated bidder (SCB). Yap (Seahawk/Sea Killer) class Patrol Craft Fast (7 + 0 + 3) PG 840 BRP Conrado Yap* PG 842 * PG 843 * PG 844 BRP Jose Artiaga PG 845 PG 846 * PG 847 BRP Leopoldo Regis PG 848 * PG 849 PG 851 BRP Apollo Tiano PG 852 PG 853 BRP Sulpicio Fernandez Type: Fast Attack Craft (G) Displacement, full load: 75 T Dimensions: 25.5 m x ?? m x ?? m (83.64' x ?? x ??) Main Machinery: Speed: 38 knts Range: 804 km (500 mi) at 20 knts Complement: 3 Officers + 12 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x Bofors 40 mm/60 Weight of shell: 0.9 kg (1.98 lb) Range: 11 km (5.9 nm); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 120 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 2 X Oerlikon Mk. 16 20 mm (Twin) Range: [AA] 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Year(Commissioned in PN): 1975-1978/1995-1998 Program: South Korean ships built during 1975 and 1978. Korea sold twelve units to PN in 1993 in a Memorandum of Understanding, at a friendly price of $100 each, as a gesture of appreciation to the PEFTOK soldiers who fought during the Korean War. The first six units were commissioned in 1995 and another six in 1998. The deal also included seven hundred twenty-nine units of spare parts for use of the PKMs shipped to the country in 1998, 150,000 rounds of 20 mm ammunition shipped in 1995 and twelve units of propellers for the PKM acquired in 1997. Additional two units were negotiated in 2003 were expected before end of 2006. PGs 844, 847, 851 and 853 serves in the Philippine Fleet's Patrol Force. Utilized as high speed interceptors of three units per task force to combat high-speed raiders and pirates rampant in Southern Philippines. Structure: Some units were reportedly seen with external bolt-on fuel tanks aft to provide additional range. Weapon Systems vary. The 20 mm guns maybe replaced by four 12.7 mm machine-guns including two in twin-turreted configuration located aft. Most of the ships are also equipped with satellite radio dish for communications. *Note: PG 840, PG 842, PG 843, PG 846, and PG 848 were reportedly decommissioned in June 7, 2001. Point class Cutter (2) PG 394 BRP Alberto Navarette (ex USCGC Point Evans WPB 82354) PG 396 BRP Abraham Campo (ex USCGC Point Doran WPB 82375) Type: Small Patrol Craft Displacement, full load: 69 T Dimensions: 25.25 m x 5.36 m x 1.8 m (82.83' x 17.58' x 5.92') Main Machinery: 2 x 600 hp Caterpillar D3412 diesels Speed: 22.9 knts Range: 542 nm at 18 knts; [cruising] 1,500 nm at 9.4 knts Complement: 10 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 4 x 12.7 mm HMG Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: SPS-64 Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: J.M. Martinac SB Corp., Tacoma, Washington (PG 394); USCG Yard, Curtis Bay, MD (PG 396) Year(First commissioned/Commissioned in PN): PG 394 10 January 1967/ 2000; PG 396 1 June 1970/ 2000 Program: First built in the 60' for the USCG. The Point class cutters were used by the USCG for law enforcement and SAR operations. PG 394 (ex WPB 82354) was formerly based at Long Beach, California and in Hawaii. PG 396 (ex WPB 82375) was assigned to Group Seattle and was formerly based at Everett, Washington. Structure: Built to Coast Guard standards with mild steel hulls and aluminum superstructures. Longitudinally framed construction was used to save weight. Originally carried a 20 mm, five 12.7 mm and an 81 mm mortar. Original electronics included SPN-11 and CR-103 (1960s). Original engine was two 800 hp Cummins diesels, being replaced by the Caterpillar diesels in 1990. Fuel capacity is 1,840 gallons. Andrada (Halter 78) class Coastal Patrol Craft (24) PG 370 BRP Jose Andrada PG 371 BRP Enrique Jurado PG 372 BRP Alfredo Peckson PG 374 BRP Simeon Castro PG 375 BRP Carlos Albert PG 376 BRP Heracleo Alano PG 377 BRP Liberato Picar PG 378 BRP Hilario Ruiz PG 379 BRP Rafael Pargas PG 380 BRP Nestor Reynoso PG 381 BRP Diocoro Papa PG 383 BRP Ismael Lomibao PG 384 BRP Leovigildo Gantioqui PG 385 BRP Federico Martir PG 386 BRP Filipino Flojo PG 387 BRP Anastacio Cacayorin PG 388 BRP Manuel Gomez PG 389 BRP Teotimo Figuracion PG 390 BRP Jose Loor Sr. PG 392 BRP Juan Magulayan PG 393 BRP Florencio Iñigo PG 395 BRP Felix Apolinario Type: Small Patrol Craft/Gunboat Displacement, full load: 56.4 T Dimensions: 23.8 m x 6.1 m x 1.8 m (78' x 20' x 5.8') Main Machinery: 2 x 2,800 hp GM diesel, 2 shafts Speed: 28 knts Range: 1,930 km (1,200 mi) at 12 knts Complement: 1 Officer + 7 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 x M-242 25 mm Bushmaster low angle, chain gun Range: 2.46 km Rate of Fire: 175 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual or Electric Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 4 X 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: SPS-64(V)11 Range: Navigation: SPS-64(V)11 Sonar: Builders: Halter-Marine, Trinity-Equitable SY, New Orleans, USA & Atlantic Gulf & Pacific Co., Batangas, Philippines. Year(Commissioned in PN): PG 370 August 1990; PG 371-374 June 1991; PG 375-377 January 1992; PG 378-381 June 1995; PG 383 1995; PG 384-386 May 1996; PG 387 1996; PG 392-393 July 1998; PG 395 November 2000 Program: Brand-news units, first four acquired in early 1989 and built in New Orleans under FMS. Four more units were procured in 1990. The last sixteen units were built in co-production with Halter Marine in Cavite from 1990 to 2001, through FMS. Each ship cost about $2.25-M each. About thirty-five originally planned to be bought, the last eleven ships were scrapped in favor of South Korean ships. The aim of these ships is for twenty-five crafts to be divided into five squadrons each based on a support ship and spread throughout the archipelago. These ships serves in the Philippine Fleet's Assault Craft Force. Structure: Built to Coast Guard standards with aluminum hull and superstructure. Originally carried one bow 40 mm gun, one 81 mm mortar aft and four 12.7 mm HMGs. Earlier models (370-377) does not sport the unstabilized M-242 25 mm Mk. 88 'Bushmaster' naval chain gun and the pilothouse gunshields. This ship was the trial platform for Aerospatiale's AS15TT light anti-ship missile in 1995. Modernization: Plans to refit the ships with stabilized Mk. 38 25 mm mounts shelved. Most of the older units due for overhaul. Six to eleven units were reportedly to be armed with AS15TT SSMs or Hellfire missiles in the future. Swift Mk. 3 class Small Patrol Craft (14) PG 334 PG 341 PG 342 Type: Inshore Patrol Craft Displacement, full load: 37 T Dimensions: 19.8 m x 4.9 m x 1 m (65' x 16' x 3.4') Main Machinery: 3 x 1,680 hp (1.25 mW) GM 12V-71-T1 diesels, 3 shafts Speed: 25 knts Range: Complement: 8 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x 12.7 mm HMG (Twin) Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 2 x 7.62 mm LMG Range: 1.1 km Rate of Fire: 100 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Marconi Canada LN 66; I band Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Sewart, USA Year(Commissioned in PN): 1972-1976 Program: Built during the 1970's. Improved version of Swift-type inshore patrol boats built by Sewart for the PN. Delivered 1972-1976. Most of the units have been transferred to the Philippine Coast Guard, others discarded while a few remain in active duty. Structure: Aluminum hulls, redesigned version. Mk. 3 was used by the USN as a trial platform for the Penguin anti-ship missile. Modernization: Several units refitted/refurbished in 1997. Swift Mk. 1/Mk. 2 class Small Patrol Craft (1/14) PG 300 PG 301 PG 306 PG 307 PG 309 PG 310 PG 311 PG 312 PG 313 PG 314 PG 315 PG 316 PG 317 Type: Inshore Patrol Craft Displacement, full load: 22.5 T Dimensions: 15.28 m x 4.13 m x 1.2 m (50.13' x 13.54' x 4') Main Machinery: 2 x 874 hp (652 kW) GM 12V-71-N diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 28 knts Range: [max] 350 nm at 28 knts; [cruising] 1,100 km (684 mi) at 16 knts Complement: 1 Officer + 5 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x 12.7 HB HMG (Twin, Mk. 51 tub mount) Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450-550 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 2 x M-79 40 mm grenade launchers Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Radars Surface Search: Decca D202; I band Range: 14.92 km (24 mi) Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Seward Seacraft, Burwick, Louisiana Year(Commissioned in PN): 1966-1970 Program: Adopted from an oil rig crew boat used to support offshore drilling rigs. All specifications for the Mk. 1 and Mk. 2 are similar. Built during the late 1960's up to mid 1970's and served in Vietnam. Most of the units have been transferred to the Philippine Coast Guard, others discarded while a few remain in active duty. Mission endurance is 5 days. Structure: Hull and superstructure constructed from all-welded, ¼" 5086-H321 aluminum alloy, including all deck plating, bulkheads and structural members. All extrusions are constructed from 5086-H311 aluminum alloy. Two to four magnesium anodes located below the waterline at the stern, provided for reducing underwater electrolytic corrosion. Main propulsion is generated by two 12-cylinder, General Motors 12V71-N Detroit marine diesels, port model #7122-3000, starboard model #7122-7000 equipped with two 4-71 blowers, and rated at 480 hp, when using the N70 type injectors, driving a 28" bronze propellers. SM-118 hydraulic marine gear clutch reduction gearbox, with a reduction ratio: 1.15:1. Fuel capacity is 828 gallons, diesel or JP-5 in an emergency, in three fuel tanks (2 aft, 1 amidships). Electricity supplied by two 24V batteries, each charged by its alternator, providing power for the main engine, starting, general purpose lighting, search lights, navigational lights, radar and the URC-58 radio (alternate mode). Port bank, standby 24V supply, while starboard bank, is used for general boat power. In an emergency, these banks could be put in a parallel mode configuration, to ensure operation of vital equipment. Fresh water capacity is 60 gallons. Electronics includes Decca D202 (3 cm) surface search radar - with a maximum range scale of 15 kilometers (24 miles), with fixed range rings and a relative bearing presentation. Range discrimination is 30 yards, on the 1.5 mile scale, with a bearing accuracy of 1°. Maximum detection range of a small wooden boat was 3 miles, with an estimated 90% detection of small boats at 1 mile. In average sea conditions, a 90% detection rate, for steel hulled trawlers, could be assumed at 5 miles. Power consumption was 200 W DC only; a Raytheon DE176A Fathometer - dual range (240 foot maximum depth); an AN/URC-58 Single Side Band radio, 2-15 MHz, could operate on upper sideband, lower sideband, AM or CW, output is 100 W, and is the PCF's primary communications equipment. This radio normally operated on 120 V DC power but could be operated on 24V DC if necessary; an AN/VRC-46 FM radio, 30.00-79.95 MHz (short range - boat to boat or boat to shore for coordination with other units); an AN/PRC-10/25 FM, 30.00-79.95 MHz portable field radio (used by off boat inspection parties and to coordinate with other units ashore); an AN/PRC-41 UHF portable radio (surface to air communications); and an AN/URC-4 Survival/Emergency radio. Endurance depends on fuel consumption and sea condition from 10.7 hours at 23.5 knots to 100 hours at 8.1 knots. Can survive Sea State 2 with 4.5 knots overall speed. Gun tub, Mk. 51 mounted at the rear of the pilothouse. Dockstavarvet CB-90H type MPAC (0 + 0 + 4) Type: Multi-purpose Attack Craft Displacement, full load: 6.5 T Dimensions: 11.88 m x 2.9 m x 0.7 m (38.97' x 9.51' x 2.30') Main Machinery: 1 x 625 hp Scania DSI 14 V8 diesel motor and 2 x Rolls-Royce Kamewa FF-410 waterjet Speed: 38-40 knts Range: 200 nm Complement: 1 Officer + 2 Ratings + 21 Commandos Military Lift: 4.5 T Weapon Systems Main Gun: 1 X 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.80 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Storebro, Sweden Year(Commissioned in PN): On order 2006 Program: Brand new units, developed as a joint venture between Storebro and the "Forsvarets Materielverk" in Sweden can be used as high speed interceptor or a small landing craft which can insert commandos in support of special operations. One unit will be procured and operated by DOE and used by forces guarding the Malampaya oil rig, while the other three will be procured and used by the PN. Structure: Aluminum hulls. The boat has two waterjets to increase propulsion to 40 knots. Can carry four stretchers in place of the commandos. ************* Support Ships ************* Bacolod City (Gen. Frank S. Besson) class Large Landing/Logistics Ship (2) LC 550 BRP Bacolod City LC 551 BRP Dagupan City Type: Logistics Ship Displacement, full load: (1,678 T light); 4,265 T Dimensions: 83.16 m x 18.29 m x 3.66 m (272.75' x 60' x 12') Main Machinery: 2 x 1,950 bhp EMD 16-645E2 diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 11.6 knts Range: 9,650 kms (5,998 mi ) at 11 knts Complement: 6 Officers + 24 Ratings Military Lift: 6 Officers + 144 Troops or 2,280 T of cargo, 900 T for amphibious operations Weapon Systems Main Gun: Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Aircraft: 1 x MBB BO-105C Builders: VT Halter Marine/Moss Point Marine, Gulfport, Mississippi Year(Commissioned in PN): LC 550 1993; LC 551 1994 Program: New, modern landing craft. Virtually identical to a group of six US Army Transport Corps craft. The PN ordered two ships of the Helicopter capable variant in 1992. Officially listed as transports; used as coastal logistics ships. Structure: Original design have bow and stern vehicle ramps, which the PN version has only bow ramps with the stern used for accommodations for 150 troops and a helicopter deck atop. Main propulsion is generated by two EMD 16-645E2 diesels, each developing 1,950 hp at 900 rpm driving two screws. Reintjes wav 2240 reduction gear box, with a reduction ratio 3.5:1. Bow thruster, 250 hp Schottel S-152. Fuel oil capacity 5,323 tons. Total air conditioning plants production, 30 tons, chilled water system. Minimum ship endurance, 38 days. Electricity supplied by two Caterpillar Model 3406, rating 250 kW with an emergency generator, Caterpillar Model 3304, rating at 99 kW. Desalinators, having a 1,000 gallons capacity per day. Fresh water capacity is 124 tons. Salt water capacity 1,657 tons. Clear deck area, 975.98 square meters (10,500 square feet). Can transport 2,280 tons of cargo, 900 tons for amphibious operations. LST 1, 511, 542 and 512-1152 class Large Landing/Logistics Ship (6) LT 57 BRP Sierra Madre (ex LST 821; ex USS Hartnett County AGP 821; ex My Tho HQ 800; ex Dumagat)* LT 86 BRP Zamboanga del Sur (ex USS Marion County LST 975; ex Cam Ranh HQ 500) LT 501 BRP Laguna (ex USNS T-LST 230) LT 504 BRP Lanao Del Norte (ex USNS T-LST 566) LT 507 BRP Benguet (ex USNS Daviess County T-LST 692) LT 516 BRP Kalinga Apayao (ex LST 786; ex USS Garrett County AGP 786; ex Can Tho HQ 801) Type: Landing Ship (T) Displacement, full load: (1,620 T standard); (2,472 T beaching); 4,000 T Dimensions: 100 m x 15.24 m x 4.3 m (328' x 50' x 14') Main Machinery: 2 x 1,700 bhp GM 12-567A diesels, 2 shafts, twin rudders Speed: 10 knts Range: 24,000 mi at 9 knts Complement: approx. 60-100 (depending upon deployment) Military Lift: 2,100 T (16 Tanks or 10 Tanks & 200 Troops or 500 Troops) Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x Bofors 40 mm (twin), 2 x 40 mm (single) Range: [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 120 rpm Gunfire Control System: Mk. 51 GFCS Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 4 x Oerlikon 20 mm (in refitted ships) Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Co., Evansville, Indiana (LT 57, 504); Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard, Inc., Hingham, Massachusetts (LT 86); Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., Seneca, Illinois (LT 501); Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Co.(LT 507); Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (LT 516) Year(Laid Down/First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): LT 86 1 December 1944/ 3 February 1945/ 17 November 1975; LT 501 10 June 1943/ 3 November 1943/ 8 August 1978; LT 504 17 March 1944/ 29 May 1944/ 8 August 1978; LT 507 7 February 1944/ 10 May 1944/ 18 October 1978; LT 516 21 May 1944/ 28 August 1944/ 5 April 1976 Program: Ex-USN LSTs built in 1944-45; LT 86 (ex LT 975), of the LST 511 class, served as transport in the Philippines until decommissioned in Subic, 16 April 1946. Served as transport during the Korean war with the MSTS with a Japanese civilian crew. Renamed Marion County in 1 July 1955, decommissioned the next day, she received six battle stars for her Korean tour. Transferred to South Vietnam on 12 April 1962, escaped to the Philippines and officially transferred as a grant aid to the PN in 17 November 1975. LT 501 (ex LST 230), of the LST-1 class, first commissioned in 3 November 1943, she was assigned to the European theater and participated in the Normandy invasion, she also performed occupation duties in the Far East, earning her two battle stars for WW II service. She was transferred to the PN in 13 September 1976. LT 504 (ex LST 566), of the LST-542 class, first commissioned in 29 May 1944, she was assigned to the European and Asia-Pacific theaters but saw no combat action. Transferred to the MSTS in 31 March 1952. She was transferred to the PN in 13 September 1976, she was reportedly sunk in 2004. LT 507 (ex LST 692), of the LST 511 class, first commissioned in 10 May 1944, served in the European theater, renamed Daviess County in 1 July 1955 and reassigned to the MSTS, served in Korea earning her two battle stars, transferred to the PN in 13 September 1976. LT 516 (ex LST 786), of the LST 542 class, served as transport between Okinawa and the Philippines, decommissioned on 9 July 1946, renamed Garrett County in 1 July 1955, redesignated Patrol Craft Tender (AGP) and spent time with the Pacific fleet in Vietnam, where she served as a HAL-3's helicopter platform. She received one battle star for WW II service and eight campaign stars for Vietnam, eventually transferred to South Vietnam in 23 April 1971 and used as light craft repair ships but have retains amphibious capability and transferred to the Philippines in 1976 by purchase. Sixteen other units were decommissioned/ delisted in the late 80's to early 90's. Officially listed as transports, probably see service as coastal logistics ships. Also have been used as patrol ships and have operated helicopters. Structure: Some of the later ships have tripod masts, others have pole masts. LTs 507 and 516, were modified to carry two helicopters each, and were the platform for PAF UH-1Hs during the 1995 Spratlys crisis. Modernization: Several have undergone major refits including replacement of frames and plating as well as engine and electronics overhauls and provisions for four 20 mm guns. Operational: Many of these ships served as cargo ships in the Western Pacific under the US Military Sealift Command (USNS/T-LST); they were civilian manned by Korean and Japanese crews. The USNS ships lacked troop accommodation and other amphibious warfare features. Some are used for general cargo work in Philippine service but in spite of the major deletion in 1989. All naval service are in urgent need of refit and the first three were taken in hand in 1989. *Note: LT 57 served as a logistics ship, now permanently parked and strickened near Ayugin Reef in the Spratlys, to maintain PN presence there. Landing Craft, Utility (3) LCU 291 LCU 293 LCU 297 Type: Landing Craft Utility Displacement, full load: 347 T Dimensions: 35 m x 10.4 m x 1.6 m (115' x 34' x 5.3') Main Machinery: 3 x 680 hp (507 kW) GM diesels, 3 shafts Speed: 8 knts Range: Complement: 8 Military Lift: 8 troops or 167 T cargo Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x Oerlikon 20 mm Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Radars Navigation: Builders: Japan Year: 54-55/17 November 1975 Program: Built in Japan for the USN in 1954-55. Transferred 17 November 1975. Refitted in Japan in 1979. LCM Mk. 8 (6)/ LCM Mk. 6 (11) Type: Landing Craft, Mechanized Displacement, full load: [Mk. 8] 118 T; [Mk. 6] 56 T Dimensions: [Mk. 8] 22.5 m x 6.4 m x 1.52 m (73.7' x 21' x 5'); [Mk. 6] 17.1 m x 4.37 m x 1.3 m (56.2' x 14.33' x 4.25') Main Machinery: [Mk. 8] 4 x 696 hp (520 kW) sustained GM 6-71 diesel, 2 shafts; [Mk. 6] 2 x 450 hp (336 kW) Gray Marine 64 HN9 diesels, 2 shafts Speed: [Mk. 8] 9 knts; [Mk. 6] 10 knts Range: [Mk. 8] 271 nm (190 mi); [Mk. 6] 209 kms (130 mi) at 9 knts Complement: [Mk. 8] 4; [Mk. 6] 5 Military Lift: [Mk. 8] 54 T (200 Troops); [Mk. 6] 34.6 T (80 Troops) Builders: USA Year: Program: Ex US LCMs transferred in the early 70's. The LCM-6 is intended primarily for the transport of cargo and/or personnel from ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore. Constructed of welded-steel with forward cargo well and bow ramp. The design of the boat permits its transportation aboard larger vessels. It has a deck area of 620 square feet, fuel capacity of 768 gallons. LCM-8 are manned by a four man crew and built of welded steel, it's bottom, however, is semiflat. It has a deck area of 620 square feet. It is designed to transport cargo, troops, and vehicles from ship to shore or in retrograde and can be used in rough or exposed waters and can be operated through breakers and grounded on the beach. The bow ramp allows RORO operations with wheeled and tracked vehicles. Its small size allows for use in confined areas. Ang Pangulo Presidential Yacht (1) AT 25 BRP Ang Pangulo (ex Lapu-Lapu; ex Roxas; ex The President; ex TP 777) Type: Presidential Yacht/Command Ship Displacement, full load: (2,239 T standard); approx. 2,727 T Dimensions: 78.5 m x 13 m x 6.4 m (257.6' x 42.6' x 21') Main Machinery: 2 x 5,000 bhp (3.68 mW) MTU 12V538TB91 diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 18 knts Range: 11,000 kms (6,837 mi)at 15 knts Complement: 8 Officers + 73 Ratings + 48 Passengers Weapon Systems Main Gun: 3 X Oerlikon Mk. 4 20 mm Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Secondary Gun: 8 x 7.62 mm LMG Range: 1.1 km Rate of Fire: 100 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radar: Surface Search: Range: Navigation: RCA CRMN-1A-75; I band Sonar: Builders: Ishkawajima-Harima, Tokyo, Japan Year(First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): 1959 Program: Built in 1959 by Japan for $3-M as war reparations. Originally used as a presidential yacht/command ship with accommodation for 50 passengers. Originally named Lapu-Lapu after the chief who killed Magellan; renamed Roxas on 9 October 1962 after the first president of the republic, Manuel Roxas; renamed The President in 1967 and Ang Pangulo in 1975. Equipped with one 15 ton crane. Reclassified as a troop transport after the Marcos-era, a role for which she is totally unsuited. Reconsidered to be a yacht during the Estrada-era, was restored to it's prime using controversial P100-M private donations. Auctioned of for $5.5-M by the Arroyo administration, but there were no takers. Planned to refitted to be a floating hospital, which she is unsuited for. She recently caught fire in January 2006 at the Keppel Dry Dock in Barangay San Miguel, Bauan, Batangas, where she is undergoing repair since November 2005. The fire damaged the yacht’s airconditioning units, water pipes, electrical wiring, dust catcher room, skylight openings and sight glasses for reserve tanks and pressure gauges. YOG-type Fuel Tankers (2) YW-type Water Tankers (2) AF 72 BRP Lake Taal AF 78 BRP Lake Buhi (ex US YOG 73, ex YO 78) AW 33 BRP Lake Buluan (ex US YW 111, ex YW 33) AW 34 BRP Paoay (ex US YW 130, ex YW 34) Type: Fuel Tanker Displacement, full load: (447 T standard), 1400 T (YOG); 1237 T (YW) Dimensions: 53 m x 10 m x 4 m (174' x 32.7' x 13.2') Main Machinery: 2 x 1,500 hp (1.12 mW) GM 8-278A diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 7.5-8 knts Range: Complement: 28-29 Cargo Capacity: [YOG] 6,570 barrels diesel and gasoline ; [YW] 200,000 gallons Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x Oerlikon Mk. 4 20 mm/70 Range: 2 km (1.06 nm) Rate of Fire: 800 rpm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Optical Radars Navigation: Builders: Year(First Commissioned/Commissioned in PN): YO 78 1944/5 March 1980; YW 33-34 1944/16 July 1975 Program: YOGs are former USN gasoline tanker. Transferred in July 1967 on loan and by purchase 5 March 1980. YW are water carriers, transferred in 16 July 1967. Both are basically the same but carries different cargoes. Auxiliary Floating Dry Dock, Large AFDL-1 (1) YD 205 (ex AFDL 44) Type: Floating Dry-dock Displacement, full load: 12,000 T Dimensions: 87.8 m x ?? m x ?? m (288' x ?? x ??) Complement: Lifting capacity, maximum: 1,900 T Builders: Year: Program: Floating steel, non-self propelled dry-docks built in the USA. YD 205 is from the and was transferred to the PN in September 1969. A floating dry dock is a piece of marine equipment that can be submerged under a marine vessel and then raised to lift the vessel out of the water for repairs or maintenance. One of the most important service units of the PN, the dry-docks allows the PN to maintain its own ships at lower costs that in commercial dry-docks, like Keppel SY. It can accommodate most of the PN warships. ********************************* Coast Guard Ships and Auxiliaries ********************************* San Juan class (Tenix '56) SAR craft AU 001 BRP San Juan AU 002 BRP EDSA II (was to be originally named Don Emilio) AU 003 BRP Pampanga AU 004 BRP Batangas Type: Search and Rescue Vessel Displacement, full load: (242 T, deadweight); 540 T Dimensions: 56.0 m x 10.55 m x 2.50 m (183.68' x 34.6' x 8.2') Main Machinery: 2 x 4,050 kW Caterpillar 3612 diesel engine, 2 shafts Speed: [max] 26 knts; [cruising] 17 knts Range: 1,000 nm at 24 knts; 2,000 nm at 15 knts Complement: 13 Officers and 24 Ratings + 300 Transient (evacuation limit) Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x M-2 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.8 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Furuno; X/S band Sonar: Builders: Tenix SY, Henderson Western Australia Year(Commissioned in PCG): AU 001 20 June 2000; AU 002 4 October 2000 Program: Brand-new units. Designed to be a purpose built Maritime Emergency vessel with the capabilities to support recovery and evacuation of survivors at sea, including jackstay transfer, provide emergency medical operating facilities, helicopter operations including deck refueling, maritime pollution control and containment, alongside firefighting facilities for adjacent ships and decompression and diving facilities. The San Juan class was designed in accordance to Det Norske Veritas (DNV) Classification "Rules for Classification of High Speed and Light craft" with notation 1A1 HSLC Crew R1. The following International Convention, Regulations and Standards were also applicable to the vessel: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1997 Consolidated Edition, International Load Line Convention 1966, International Tonnage Convention 1969, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78 Annex. I (Oil) & IV (Sewage) with Amendments, Regulations of the Flag State, Philippine Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC). Alongside firefighting capability is provided by a main reduction gearbox driven pump supplying two fire monitors mounted on the aft end of the bridge. Each monitor is capable of providing a seawater throw of 100 meters at a rate of 300 cubic meters per hour. These can be operated remotely from the bridge or via a wandering lead from the bridge wings. The operation permits one monitor to provide fog spray, to protect the vessel itself and the other providing a jet spray directed to the adjacent vessel on fire. The vessel is also equipped with four 25-person SOLAS inflatable rafts; six 65-person open reversible rafts; one 6.5 meter Rapid Intervention Boat with a speed in excess of 25 knots and a 85 nautical mile range, launched from the stern transom ramp; four 4.5 meter Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats are carried on the bridge deck and launched by an Elbeck crane; and one Twinlock Decompression chamber, consisting of two berth inner lock and medical outer lock. A separate survivor's area has been included in the vessel's arrangement, which provides for the decompression chamber, medical reception, operation theater and seating in an open plan arrangement. Crew of thirty-seven comprising of six officers, six petty officers, a medical officer that is also a hyperbaric specialist, two rescue divers, a corpsman and twenty-one ratings. Acquired through soft loans from Australia initiated in 1977, each ship originally cost A$19-M, reduced to A$16.7-M. Structure: Hull form for the vessel was developed based on a semi displacement hard chine form, flared forward in combination of built in spray rail to further improve the vessel's performance and planing at high speeds. The hull was initially developed and designed by Tenix using hydrostatics software Maxsurf and later sent to the Maritime Research Institute (MARIN) for review, which confirmed the predicted performance of the vessel. Seakeeping features includes sustained speeds of 12 knots in Sea State 4. Hull is of all-welded construction with grade 250 steel with aluminum superstructure including flight deck. Stern door constructed of aluminum alloy to reduce weight. Main propulsion consists of two medium speed Caterpillar 3612, producing 4060 bkW at 1,000 rpm mounted with a flexible coupling connecting the flywheel to a clutchable Reintjes LAF 3445 reduction gearbox, gearbox ratio 2.515:1. The gearbox is hard mounted with a horizontally offset output driving a shaft line connected to acbLips four-bladed (Hub 4D710D) controllable pitch propeller. Each propulsion train and ancillary systems are capable of operating independently. Port reduction gearbox provides a power take-off connection for the fire monitor pump which are used alongside firefighting capability. Main engines and auxiliaries are fueled by 109,762 liters of diesel, sufficient for an operational range of 1,000 nm at speeds of 24 knots and 2,000 nm at speeds of 15 knots, both with 10% remaining fuel. Electrical power is supplied by two Caterpillar 3406 generators sets each provides 260 ekW located in the forward area of the engine room. The design allows for the complete electric power demand to be supplied with only one generator. Emergency Caterpillar 3306 harbor generator located at main deck aft provides 105 ekW in case of main generator failure. The emergency set is air cooled and configured for automatic startup on loss of the ships main power. Main engine room is protected with a carbon dioxide extinguishing system. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) is provided for protection of the flight deck via a mixed foam tank and proportioners. Electronics includes Furuno GPS with Furuno ARPA 26 plotter, Furuno X and S band radars, Furuno depth sounder, Furuno 8000 GMDSS, Furuno Inmarsat B and C Satcom, Furuno FAX 2084 weatherfax, Tokimec 110GS gyrocompass and Tokimec PR 2213 autopilot. Flight deck located on the after end of the bridge deck can support a helicopter for airborne SAR or emergency evacuation, with a maximum weight of 4,672 kg (10,728 lb). Weapons hardpoints located at the bow can mount heavier caliber guns, which was specified by the PCG. Ilocos Norte class (Tenix '35) SAR craft AU 3501 BRP Ilocos Norte AU 3502 BRP Nueva Vizcaya AU 3503 BRP Romblon AU 3504 BRP Davao del Norte Type: Search and Rescue Vessel Displacement, full load: 120 T Dimensions: 36.2 m x 6.7 m x 3.9 m (118.74' x 22' x 12.8') Main Machinery: 2 shafts, 1 waterjet, fixed pitch propellers Speed: [max, with waterjets] 25 knts Range: 800 nm at 21 knts; 2,000 nm at 12 knts Complement: 4 Officers + 16 Ratings Weapon Systems Main Gun: 4 x M-2 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.8 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Tenix SY, Henderson Western Australia Year(Commissioned in PCG): AU 3501 May 2003; AU 3503 November 2003; AU 3504 12 February 2004 Program: Brand-new units. Designed for rapid emergency response, and is equipped for survivor recovery and rescue coordination. Part of the six additional vessels ordered by the PCG valued at A$130-M from Tenix, each 35-m ship costs A$8.75-M each. Agusan (PGM-39) class Large Patrol Craft PG 64 BRP Palawan (ex PGM 42) Type: Large Patrol Craft Displacement, full load: 133 T Dimensions: 30.6 m x 5.7 m x 2.1 m (100.3' x 18.6' x 6.9') Main Machinery: 2 x 2,200 hp (1.6 mW), sustained Mercedes Benz MTU 12V 493 TY57 diesels, 2 shafts, fixed pitch propellers Speed: 17 knts Range: 2,414 km (1,500 mi) at 10 knts Complement: 26-30 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x 20 mm Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Secondary Gun: 2 x 12.7 mm Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Other Defenses: 1 x 81 mm mortar Radars Surface Search: Raytheon 1500; I/J band Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Tacoma BB Co. Washington Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: Steel-hulled craft built under US military assistance programs. Assigned US PGM-series number while under construction. Transferred to PN upon completion. This craft is a lengthened version of USCG 95-foot Cape class patrol boat design. PN originally built four crafts, PG 64 transferred to PCG. Currently non-operational, waiting for new gun coupling repairs. Coast Guard Cutter type CGC 30 CGC 32 CGC 103 CGC 110 CGC 115 CGC 128 CGC 129 CGC 133 CGC 134 Type: Cutter Displacement, full load: Dimensions: 12.2 m x 3.4 m x m (40' x 11.15' x ) Main Machinery: 1 shaft, fixed pitch propeller Speed: 12 knts Range: Complement: 6 Weapon Systems Main Gun: Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: Transferred from USN. CGCs 30, 32 and 128 currently non-operational. Swift Mk. 3 class Small Patrol Craft DF 318 DF 332 DF 334 DF 347 Main specs, see PN Swift Mk. 3 class entry Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: Aluminum hulls, redesigned version. Built during the 1970's. Improved version of Swift-type inshore patrol boats built by Sewart for the PN. Delivered 1972-1976 for PN. Most of the units have been transferred to the PCG. Swift Mk. 1/Mk. 2 class Small Patrol Craft DF 300 DF 301 DF 302 DF 303 DF 307 DF 308 DF 309 DF 310 DF 311 DF 312 DF 313 DF 314 DF 315 DF 316 Main specs, see PN Swift Mk. 1/Mk. 2 class entry Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: Aluminum hulls. Built during the late 1960's up to mid 1970's for PN. Most of the units have been transferred to the PCG. DFs 302 and 309 seeing limited operation. DFs 300, 303, 308, 314 currently non-operational. De Havilland series 9209 (DB-type) Coastal Patrol Craft DF 330 DB 433 Type: Inshore Patrol Vessel Displacement, full load: 15 T Dimensions: 14 m x 4.4 m x 1 m (45.9' x 14.5' x 3.3') Main Machinery: 2 x 740 hp (552 kW) Cummins diesel, 2 shafts, fixed pitch propellers Speed: 25 knts Range: 805 km (500 mi) at 12 knts Complement: 8 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x M-2 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.8 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: 1 x 7.62 mm M-60 LMG Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Sonar: Builders: De Havilland Marine, Sydney NSW Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: GRP hulls. Transferred from USN Support Ships Corregidor class Marine Accident Response/Buoy Tender AE 891 BRP Corregidor Type: Marine Accident Response/Buoy Tender Displacement, full load: (730 T, gross) Dimensions: 56.9 m x 11.9 m x 4.5 m (186.63' x 39' x 15') Main Machinery: 2 shafts, variable pitch propellers Speed: 12 knts Range: 4,000 nm at 12 knts Complement: 45 Weapon Systems Main Gun: Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Builders: Japan Year(Commissioned in PCG): 3 February 1998 Program: New tender built in Japan through a soft loan. First cargo hold can carry 88 cubic meters, second cargo hold can carry 419 cubic meters. Carries one 20-ton and one 15-ton cranes. The design has a reputation of low fuel economy. Can handle oil spill control in addition to buoy tender capability Kalinga (Balsam/C) class Buoy Tender AE 89 BRP Kalinga (ex T-AKL 398, ex USNS Redbud, ex WAGL 398, ex USCGC Redbud) Type: Buoy Tender Displacement, full load: (935 T, standard; 800 T, gross tonnage) 1025 T Dimensions: 54.8 m x 11.3 m x 4 m (180' x 37' x 13') Main Machinery: 2 x 1,710 hp (1.28 mW) Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesel electric; 2 x 1,200 hp (895 kW) Westinghouse generators; 1 x motor, 1 shaft, fixed pitch propellers Speed: 12 knts Range: 5,632 km (3,500 mi) at 10 knts Complement: 53 Weapon Systems Main Gun: 2 x M-2 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.8 km Rate of Fire: 450 rpm Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: SL-1 radar Range: Navigation: Sperry SPS-53; I/J band Builders: Marine Iron and SB Co., Duluth, Minnesota Year(First Commissioned/Commissioned in PCG): 2 May 1944/ 1994 Program: One of the twenty C class 180' buoy tenders that entered service during WW II. Used as a service to aids to navigation, loaned to the USN on 18 March 1949 and redesignated as AKL 398 and operated as support to the North Atlantic and Arctic bases. Transferred to the MSTS and reassigned to the Northeast Command (SUNEC) until 1970, taken to the PN 1 March 1972, as a grant-aid. Transferred to PCG in 1994. Carries one 20-ton derrick. Rehabilitated and repowered in 1995. Cabo Bojeador (US Army FS-) type Buoy Tender AE 46 BRP Cabo Bojeador (ex US Army FS 203, ex PN TK 46) AE 79 BRP Limasawa (ex USCG Nettle WAK 169, ex US Army FS 397, ex PN TK 69) Type: Buoy Tender Displacement, full load: (470 T, standard) 935 T Dimensions: 54.9 m x 9.8 m x 3 m (180' x 32' x 10') Main Machinery: 2 x 1,120 hp (836 kW) GM 6-278-A diesels, 2 shafts Speed: 10 knts Range: 4,000 nm Complement: 50 Cargo capacity: 400 T Weapon Systems Main Gun: [AE 46] 7.62 mm; [AE 79] 12.7 mm Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: SO-8 detection radar Range: Navigation: RCA CRMN 1A 75; I band Builders: Ingalls SB Co., Decatur, Alabama Year(First Commissioned/Commissioned in PCG): AE 79 1945/?? Program: Former US Army freight and supply ships. Transferred to the USCG in 1947 and was employed as tenders for buoys and lighthouses. AE 79 (ex WAK 169) used for logistics support for USCG LORAN transmitting stations, acquired by sale 31 August 1978. Carries one 5-ton derrick. AE 46 paid off in 1988 but was back in service in 1991 after a major overhaul. Both ships transferred to PCG. Both ships are currently non-operational, with AE 79 in dry dock, both are awaiting repairs. Supervisory Investigation Boat (MCS) Type: Monitoring Control and Surveillance Vessel Displacement, full load: Dimensions: 30 m x m x m (98' x x ); 11 m x m x m (36' x x ) Main Machinery: Speed: 27 knts Range: Complement: Weapon Systems Main Gun: Range: Rate of Fire: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Other Defenses: Radars Surface Search: Range: Navigation: Builders: Year(Commissioned in PCG): Program: Fiberglass hulls and reportedly bulletproof. Controversial and overpriced with the project costing $41.21-M according to the NEDA and funded through a 50% grant and 50% soft loan from the Spanish government. The boats technically belong to the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR), but manned by PCG personnel. They are deployed in regions 1,4,2,8,7,9. Total of ten 30-m and four 11-m boats and used for anti-illegal fishing, marine preservation and SAR duties. ******************** Ground Forces, Armor ******************** Alvis Vickers Limited FV.101 Scorpion Light Tank Type: Light Tank/Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance, Tracked-Fire Support Vehicle (CVR,T-FSV) Country of origin: United Kingdom Armor: 12.7-25 mm average, aluminum alloy Crew: Commander, Gunner, Driver Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: 4.794 m (15.75') Width: 2.235 m (7.33') Height: 2.102 m (7.0') Ground clearance: Ground pressure: 0.36 kg/cm² (5.12 psi) Weights and loadings Weight: 8,075 kg (17,765 lb) Power train Engine: One 190 bhp (142 kW), Jaguar J-60 engine, 4.21 liter, 6 cc gasoline, derated to 160 hp at 4,750 rpm Power-to-weight ratio: 20.2 hp/ton Transmission: Semi-automatic, 7-speed in all directions Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: [road] 80.5 kph (50 mph) Water speed: 4 kph (2.5 mph) Acceleration: 0-48 kph (0-30), 16 sec Range: 650 km (404 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.5 m (1.64') Trench: 2.057 m (6.75') Max fording depth: 1.07 m (3.51') Gradient: 60% Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: L23 76 mm/23, rifled gun Max effective range: 1,000 m (3,280') Rate of fire: Elevation: -10° to +35° Traverse: 360° Ammunition: 40 rounds Ammunition type: HE, HEAT, HESH, Smoke, Canister Rangefinder: Laser Night gun sight: White searchlight Secondary gun: L3 7.62 mm coax MG Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: 3,000 rounds Ammunition type: Ball Rangefinder: None Night gun sight: White searchlight Other defenses: 2 x Four-barrel smoke dischargers, Nightvision equipment Variants used: FV.101 Scorpion (FSV), FV.104 Samaritan (Ambulance) Program: Designed by Alvis for the British Army, which entered service in 1973 and served until 1994. Its primary function for the British Army was to be a fast, air-transportable reconnaissance vehicle, to be used to scout ahead of the main MBT units. Over 4,000 had been produced in the UK and Belgium by the time production ceased in the mid-90's. The Philippines initially received a total of forty-one Scorpions of which about twenty-eight units survive and serves in the PALAB. The PA utilizes the Scorpion as a light tank using its weapons in direct fire support to infantry. The PA also utilizes some FV.104 Samaritan armored ambulance variant. Structure: The FV.101 Scorpion is lightly armored, however its all-welded aluminum alloy armor is resistant to machine-gun bullets up to 14.5 caliber, with the side and rear capable of defeating multiple 7.62 caliber hits. Its main gun is the L23, 76 mm cannon, (designed and developed by the Royal Armament and Development Establishment and manufactured by the Royal Ordnance Factories) with 40 rounds that can fire HESH against hostile armor for up to 3,000 meters and HE shells against infantry for up to 5,000 meters. Though HESH shells have lost much of its effectiveness due to the advent of sophisticated armor, its is still effective on the side of tanks, on IFVs, APCs and lightly armored fortifications. A L37 7.62 mm with 3,000 rounds is mounted coaxial with the L23. For additional defense, four electrically-operated smoke/grenade dischargers are mounted on the side of the fully traversing turret. It can employ smoke, illuminating and training rounds. The crew of three (the commander also acts as the loader) wears helmets to provide protection against sharp corners and to use the built-in intercom. The most notable characteristic of the Scorpion is its light weight and its engine making the Scorpion highly mobile and very maneuverable. The Jaguar engine can accelerate from 0 to 48 kph in 16 seconds has a high power-to-weight ratio. Its gear is semi-automatic, seven-speed in all directions. It has five aluminum road wheels each side with rubber tires with the first and last having hydraulic shock absorbers and has an average life of 4,820 kilometers. Its ground pressure is described as "lighter than a man's" at 5 psi allows the Scorpion to operate in boggy terrain. The Scorpion is designed to operate in temperatures of -30° to +50° Celsius. It is air-transportable and can fit inside a C-130H. The FV.104 Samaritan variant is an armored ambulance, with similar hull construction as the Scorpion but have high sides and no turrets, to give more room inside. The normal crew of three includes two medical personnel and the driver. The vehicle is fitted with an air cooler for the casualty compartment. There is space for four stretcher casualties or four sitting casualties. Entry and exit is facilitated through a rear door. Modernization: The upgrading of the Scorpion tanks was proposed in 2001, to extend its operational life for another 15 years and improve its capabilities and performance in terms of mobility, firepower and communication, The provisions for maintainability and an increased survival capability will also be pursued as part of the program but was deferred in 2003. United Defence/FNSS Savunma Sisternleri A.S. YPR-765 AIFV Type: Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) Country of origin: Armor: Crew: Commander, Driver + 7 Infantry Air transportability: Dimensions Length: 5.26 m (17.25') Width: 2.82 m (9.25') Height: 2.62 m (8.6') Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Power train Engine: One 264 hp Detroit V-6 Diesel Model 6V-53T Power-to-weight ratio: 21.92 hp/ton Transmission: Allison automatic transmission Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: 65 kph (40 mph) Water speed: Acceleration: Range: 490 km (305 mi) Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: Oerlikon KBA 25 mm Bushmaster III in EWS Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Thermal imaging Secondary gun: 7.62 mm LMG coax Max effective range: 1,000 m Rate of fire: 100 rpm Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: White searchlight Other defenses: Variants used: AIFV variant, ARV variant Program: Designed and produced by United Defence (formerly FMC), is basically an improved version of the M113 APC with an uprated armor and weapon system. It serves with the armored units of the Belgian (514), and Turkish (650) armies. This vehicle is sometimes erroneously called Chaimite by Philippine press, which is another separate type of wheeled armored vehicle. The Philippines received a total of 85 vehicles as per US Library of Congress records of which about 45 units are still in use. The PA received two additional units from FNSS Savunma Sisternleri A.S. of Ankara, Turkey including an Armored Recovery Vehicle (ARV) variant in February 2004, for P55-M. The ARV will serve as a mobile maintenance platform of the LAB in the field or to assist in disaster relief operations. The AIFV are utilized by the PALAB and the PSG. Structure: The AIFV is a tracked, all-terrain, amphibious armored combat vehicle manufactured in Europe. It is armed with an Oerlikon KBA 25 mm gun with a coaxial 7.62 mm machine-gun mounted in an Enclosed Weapon System (EWS), which is electrically-operated and fully stabilized, which provides a shoot-on-the-move capability. The turret drive system also incorporates a day and night thermal imaging system for visibility under the cover of darkness. The 7.62 mm gun is used as anti-aircraft as well as anti-infantry defense. Furthermore, the AIFV has firing ports to allow its passengers to engage hostile units under the protection of its armor. Food Machinery Corp. M-113A1/A2 APC Type: Armored Personnel Carrier, Tracked (APC,T) Country of origin: USA Armor: 38 mm sloped/ 27 mm flat/ 12 mm flat, rolled 5083/5086 H32 aluminum alloy Crew: Commander, Driver + 11 Infantry Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: 4.86 m (15.95') Width, over track shrouds: 2.69 m (8.82') Height: 2.5 m (8.2') Tread: 2.16 m (7.08') Ground clearance: [A1] 0.41 m (1.34'); [A2] 0.43 m (1.425') Ground pressure, zero penetration: [A1] 0.51 kg/cm² (7.3 psi); [A2] 0.55 kg/cm² (7.9 psi) Weights and loadings Combat weight: [A1] 10,920 kg (24,080 lb); [A2] 11,343 kg (25,007 lb) Power train Engine: One 215 bhp (81 kW) General Motors 6V53, 6-cylinder, 2 stroke diesel, 2,800 rpm Power-to-weight ratio: 17.1 hp/ton Transmission: Allison TX-100, 3 ranges forward, 1 reverse Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: {A1] T130E1, center guide, single pin, steel with detachable rubber pad; [A2] T150, center guide, double pin, steel with chevron rubber pad Suspension: Torsion bar type. Five individually sprung dual/track road wheels. Flat track return rollers. Ten-tooth front drive, drive sprockets. Dual adjustable idlers at rear of track. Shock absorbers on first and last road wheels/track, additional shock absorber on second wheel/track on A2 units. Performance Max land speed: [road] 64 kph (40 mph); [cross-country] 25 kph (15 mph) Water speed: 5.8 kph (3.6 mph) Acceleration: 0-30 kph (0-19 mph), 11 sec Range, cruising: [road] 483 km (300 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.61 m (2') Trench: 1.68 m (5.5') Fording depth: 1.02 m (3.33') Gradient: 60% Side slope: 30% Turning diameter, minimum: 7.9 m (26') Weapon Systems Main gun: 12.7 mm HMG in 1-m Textron turret or pintle-mounted 12.7 mm with cupola Max effective range: 1,800 m Rate of fire: 450 rpm Ammunition: 2,000 rounds Ammunition type: Ball Rangefinder: None Night gun sight: Passive/IR Secondary gun: 7.62 mm LMG coax Max effective range: 1,100 m Rate of fire: 100 rpm Ammunition: 2,000 rounds Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Other Defenses: Nightvision Equipment Passive/IR Variants used: M113A1, M113A2, M113 FSV, M113 25 mm Program: Developed and designed in the late 50's by Ford Motor Co. and Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Co. from the M59 and M75. The M-113 was originally developed and manufactured by the Food Machinery Corp. (FMC) of San Jose, California as to fulfill the requirements for a family of Airborne Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AAM-PV). It was utilized extensively during the Vietnam war, where its passengers quickly learned that instead of just transporting them to the front, they can fight from the inside the APC's protected hull against hostile infantry, and the workhorse APC was born. About 80,000 of all types were developed by USA's FMC and Italy's OTO Melara and it is still in production. The PA has about 100 units serving with the PALAB. Structure: Designed to be air-transportable, it can be carried by C-130H "Hercules" transport aircraft. The APC was designed simply to transport infantry to the frontlines in a light caliber-protected hull. The hull is built of aircraft-grade aluminum in which the vehicle derives its versatility - it is lightweight thereby allowing the use of a small engine, a General Motors 6V53, 2 stroke, 6-cylinder diesel, developing 215 bhp, at 2,800 rpm, and having a larger payload than most vehicle its size. Can accelerate from 0 to 30 kph in 11 seconds. Has turning radius of 4.27 meters and ground pressure of 7.9 psi. Fuel capacity, 360 liters (95 gallons). DS200 controlled differential, steering levers with differential band brakes. It has high speed on roads, and is capable of cross-country travel over rough terrain, though if any of its track shoe is damaged, the vehicle may become inoperable or unstable in motion as it may result in roll-overs, when steering. The APC can also ford streams and lakes powered by its tracks. Infra-red driving lights are standard, with M19 infra-red periscope for driver. The driver is seated on the front and left side with the engine to the right, while the commander's hatch is at the center and personnel compartment to the rear. Infantry enters and leave the APC through a rear ramp. A roof hatch is also located above the troop compartment, where an additional pintle-mounted, shielded machine-gun can be emplaced, in addition to the primary gun, which is usually 12.7 mm HMG inside a one meter Textron turret (in uprated versions), or a 12.7 mm mounted on a cupola with shields or the more common pintle-mounted, shielded 12.7 mm HMG. Other M-113 variants seen in service within the AFP is one that sports a 25 mm chain gun in an EWS, similar to that in the AIFV or the L23, 76 mm cannon and turret system obtained from a decommissioned Scorpion unit. The M-113's main weakness is that it is vulnerable to high-caliber weapons and RPG hits. Survivability can be increased by adding bolt-on armor and sand bags outside and kevlar spall liners inside. Though it is lightly armored compared to most IFVs, its ability to be deployable from the air from aircraft both fixed-wing and rotary make the M-113 versatile and indispensable. Units upgraded to A1 standards in 1964, have their gasoline engines replaced by diesel, to increase its range and reduce its flammability and a new power train was incorporated. Units upgraded to A2 standard, first introduced in 1979, had a new, improved engine cooling layout brought about by switching the location of the fan and radiator. A higher-strength torsion bars which increased road wheel travel and ground clearance, and a stronger rear idler was installed and raised 5.1 cm (2") to reduce the incidence of ground strikes. New shock absorbers were fitted, and shock absorbers were added to the second road wheels on each side. New armored fuel tanks were available as well and were fitted externally located on either side of the rear entry ramp. They contained the same 360 liters (95 gallons) of diesel as the internal tank, and freed up 0.45 cubic meter (16 cubic feet) of internal space. Weight with the external fuel tanks increased to 11,740 kg (25,880 lb); 0.58 kg/cm² (8.2 psi); and the length was 5.3 meter (17.375 feet). Smoke grenade launchers were also made available and these four-tube assemblies were located on either bow below the headlight cluster. PA units though neither have the external tanks nor the grenade dischargers. Modernization: There are plans to acquire/upgrade the fleet to A3 status for screening, recon, security missions and transport of equipment during tactical situations. The projects intends to extend the operational life of the M113s for another 15 years and improve its capabilities and performance in terms of mobility, firepower, communication, survivability and maintainability. Some units are also planned to be upgraded to Fire Support Vehicle (FSV) status by arming them with the Singaporean company CIS' 40 mm AGL/12.7 mm HMG coax turret, which is capable of firing airburst ammunition, approved budget for the project is P144-M. The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) uses this version with the 40 mm/12.7 mm combo turret. Other plans may include additional bolt-on steel armor. GKN Defence Land Systems/Alvis Vickers Limited FS.100 'Simba' 4x4 APC/ACV/IFV Type: Armored Personnel Carrier/ Armored Combat Vehicle/ Infantry Fighting Vehicle Country of origin: United Kingdom Armor: 8 mm, conventional steel alloy, proof against 7.62 mm AP ammunition Crew: [APC] Commander, Driver + 12 Infantry; [ACV/IFV] Commander, Driver + 6 Infantry Air transportability: Dimensions Length: 5.35 m (17.55') Width: 2.5 m (8.2') Height: [APC] 2.19 m (7.2'); [IFV] 2.53 m (8.3') Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Combat weight: 11,200 kg (24,640 lb) Power train Engine: One 212 bhp (158 kW) Perkins 210Ti turbocharged V-8 diesel, intercooled, 2,500 rpm Power-to-weight ratio: 19.43 hp/ton Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tires: [APC] 13.00x20 radial tires, run-flat inserts; [IFV] 14.75x80 radial tires, run-flat inserts Suspension: Semi-elliptical springs and hydraulic shock dampers at each wheel station. Performance Max land speed: 100 kph (62.5 mph) Water speed: Acceleration: Max range: 660 km (410 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.45 m (1.47') Trench: 0.41 m (1.53') Max fording depth: 1.0 m (3.28') Gradient: 60% Side slope: 40% Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: [APC] 12.7 mm HMG in 1-m Textron turret; [IFV] Boeing M-242 25 mm Bushmaster chain gun in a Thales (formerly Helio) FVT925 turret Max effective range: [APC] 1,800 m; [IFV] 2,460 m Rate of fire: [APC] 450 rpm; [IFV] 175 rpm Ammunition: [APC] 1,200 rounds Ammunition type: [APC] Ball Rangefinder: Optical Night gun sight: White searchlight Secondary gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Other defenses: 2 x 66 mm Multi-barreled smoke dischargers Variants used: APC variant , IFV 25 mm variant, Ambulance variant Program: Designed as a private venture by UK's (formerly GKN Sankey) for FMS. Developed in 1980 as a complement to the Saxon, with the prototype first produced in 1981 with development continued through the 80's. The AFP ordered 150 units at P360,000 each, complete while most of them were assembled from completely knocked-down units by Asian Armor Vehicles Technologies Corp. (formerly by Philippine International Trading Corp.) under license from UK's GKN Sankey Limited, actual assembly work was undertaken by Philippine Corp. at its Subic Bay facility with Clark Equipment and Perkins Engines as major subcontractors. Total cost of the deal was $46-M. As a private venture, under this program, GKN exported the bare units which did not include arms and tires, and PITC assembled the parts and added locally made components. It is the only country that uses this APC. The first production units were commissioned in 1991. They were used in operations by the PALAB in the South against insurgents, where some units were lost to RPGs. Also utilized by the PSG. A total of 152 units were produced (including Alvis' 2 prototypes). Asian Armor Vehicles Technologies Corp. is Simba's the sole licensed assembler. Structure: All-welded steel alloy armored monocoque hull. Simba which means "Lion" is powered by a Perkins 210Ti turbocharged diesel, intercooled, developing 212 bhp at 2500 rpm, fuel capacity 296 liters (78.72 gallons). A 24V electrical system with two 12V, 90 Ah batteries are fitted. Clark Equipment provided the 13.7 LHR 28422 automatic gearbox with one reverse and four forward gear ratios. A two-gear-ratio transfer case offering a choice of two or four wheel drive is standard, and steering is power assisted. While two wheel drive is available, the Simba is considered to be a four-wheel drive vehicle. The suspension system uses semi-elliptical springs and hydraulic shock dampers at each wheel station. The 13.00x20 radial tires are fitted with run-flat inserts. The Simba is considered suitable to tropical and rugged terrain, and can ford up to 1 meter deep water. The driver is seated in front at the left side with the gearbox and engine to the right. The driver is provided with bulletproof windows and a single-piece hatch cover. All automotive components are commercially available. It has three crew members and can transport from ten to twelve infantrymen which can enter and leave through a door at the rear and at the left side. In the basic APC, the commander sits in the middle, slightly above the driver, and is provided with a cupola with four vision blocks. The troop compartment, located to the rear of the vehicle, seats the infantrymen across from one another. Armored vision blocks and firing ports are positioned along the sides of the troop compartment. Normally armed with a 12.7 mm HMG in a manned turret, some IFV variants are also seen with a Boeing M-242 25 mm chain gun mounted in a Thales (formerly Helio) FVT925 turret, (which increases the unit's height to 2.53 m) or the 40 mm AGL/ 12.7 mm HMG combo turret from CIS of Singapore. Other variants available but not used on PA units includes a 90 mm FSV model sporting a Cockerill Mk. 3 90 mm gun, a 81 mm mortar carrier, which can be fitted at the rear of the vehicle, a proposed anti-tank variant sporting BGM-71 TOW, M-901 Improved TOW or the Euromissile with HOT HCT turret and the Internal Security Vehicle variant, which can be fitted with riot screens, barricade removers, PA system and turret with smoke and tear gas launchers. Standard equipment on the Simba includes a fire extinguishing system, run-flat inserts for the tires, a forced air ventilation system, and interior roof insulation. The optional equipment includes air conditioning, an auxiliary power unit, searchlights, a heating system for both the crew compartment and engine, a front-mounted winch, and other specialized internal security equipment. A larger version of the Simba dubbed as the MX-1 Kalakian APC, was developed for the PA which reportedly ordered about 20 units. Some Simba units were seen outfitted as armored ambulances. Modernization: Proposed SRDP projects in 2002 included the fabrication of view blocks for armored vehicles and tire changer, to be supervised and implemented by the RDC, ASCOM, PA. Textron Marine & Land Systems Division LAV-300 Mk. 2 'Commando' 6x6 Type: Armored Personnel Carrier, Wheeled (APC,W) Country of origin: USA Armor: 16 mm max, Cadillac Gage Type 2001 Cadloy high hardness ballistic steel plate, proof against 7.62 mm ball ammunition (vision blocks and periscopes hardened to same level) Crew: Commander, Gunner, Driver + 8 Marines Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: 6.7 m (22') Width: 2.54 m (8.3') Height, hull: 1.98 m (6.5') Ground clearance, nominal: 0.53 m (1.75') Wheelbase: 2.21 m (7.25') Weights and loadings Basic vehicle weight: 12,292 kg (27,100 lb) Combat weight: 14,545 kg (31,999 lb) Power train Engine: One Cummins 275 hp QSC 6 CTA 8.3, turbocharged, after-cooled V-8 diesel engine, 2,500 rpm Power-to-weight ratio: 18.94 hp/ton Transmission: AllisonMD3560, 6-speed Transfer case: Single speed, helical gears Axles: Single reduction hypoid - silent locking differential Tires: 14.00R20, run flat inserts Suspension: Independent trailing arms with coil springs and shock absorbers Performance Max land speed: 105 kph (65 mph) Water speed: 4.8 kph (3 mph) Acceleration: 0-32 kph (0-20 mph), 10 sec Range: 953 km (575 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.61 m (2') Trench: 1.52 m (4.99') Max fording depth: 1.98 m (6.49') Gradient: 60% Side slope: 30% Turning diameter, nominal: 20 m (68') Weapon Systems Main gun: [FSV] Cockerill Mk.3 90 mm/36 cal rifled gun; [APC] 40 mm AGL Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: [FSV] 42 rounds (9 rounds ready) Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: White searchlight Secondary gun: [FSV] 7.62 mm LMG coax, 7.62 mm anti-aircraft LMG; [APC] 12.7 mm HMG coax Max effective range: [FSV] 1,100 m; [APC] 1,800 m Rate of fire: [FSV] 100 rpm; [APC] 450 rpm Ammunition: [FSV] 400 rounds (coax), 200 rounds (anti-aircraft) Ammunition type: Rangefinder: x8 power monocular sight and x1 power periscope for gunner, three vision blocks for commander Night gun sight: White searchlight Other Defenses: None Variants used: V-300 APC, V-300 FSV Program: Developed by Textron Marine and Land Systems (formerly Cadillac-Gage) as a private venture to complement their existing LAV-150 4x4 series for FMS. The AFP acquired about twelve V-300 6x6 APC units and twelve V-300 6x6 FSV variant from the US in February 1995 under FMS program and is the PMC's share in the US Bases compensation program (where they were initially offered LVTP-7 in the 80's). All of the AFP's V-300s are assigned to the PMC's Light Armor Vehicle Company (LAV Co), Assault Armor Battalion (AABN), and were extensively used during the height of the 2000 conflict in Mindanao with a confirmed loss of a FSV variant. Structure: The V-300 is basically a bigger and improved version of the V-150. This 6x6 APC is powered by a Cummins QSC 6 CTA 8.3, turbocharged, after-cooled V-8 diesel engine, developing 275 hp, which can accelerate from 0 to 32 kph under 10 seconds and can travel as fast as 100 kph on roads. Fuel capacity is 200 liters and it can run on Jet A-1, kerosene or other lighter fuels in place of diesel. Six driving wheels (6x6), front wheel steering, with dual hydraulic brakes permits the vehicle to go from 32 kph to 0 in approximately 12 m (40'). Front axle has solid beam on trailing arms. Rear axles have independent trailing arm with coil springs and one shock absorber. The minimum silhouette hull is constructed of high-hardness ballistic steel plates which can defeat 7.62 mm AP hits in the front, and 7.62 mm ball hits point blank on the side and rear. The survivability is further enhanced from low observable technology to minimize levels of thermal, seismic and audio signatures, and minimal radar return. Optional upgradeable armor floor plating can protect the crew from landmines and hand grenade blasts. It has a crew of three and can carry up to nine infantrymen, which can enter and leave through a rear ramp, which was a modification from the original rear hatch. The V-300 can also ford water through the additional waterjets installed though it can be run by the propeller action of its radial tubeless tires as well. The 6x6 tires are capable of running even when it is punctured and can be optionally outfitted with run-flat inserts and a central tire inflation system, to further enhance mobility. The Marine V-300 also has a trim-vane added but the provisions for the smoke/grenade dischargers and winch were omitted. The Marines uses the basic APC, with a 12.7 mm HMG and a 7.62 mm coax mounted in a manned 1-m Textron turret, which can traverse 360°, and the fire support Mk. 2 variant, which sports a Cockerill 90 mm gun in a two-man CSE 90 turret, which can power traverse 360° at 30° per second. The front of the FSV's turret can stand up to 14.5 mm hits in the front and up to 7.62 mm hits elsewhere. The FSV variant also has a coaxial 7.62 mm LMG and an additional pintle-mounted 12.7 mm shielded HMG atop the 90 mm's turret. Modernization: The PMC's APC variants were uprated with the Singaporean company CIS' 40 mm AGL/12.7 mm HMGs coax turret to increase its firepower, with the assistance of FIC of Tanay, Rizal in 2003. The 40 mm AGL can also be interchangeable with a 7.62 mm LMG. The modifications also involved changes in the periscope and vision blocks to enable the gunner to fire highly accurate shots, with a variety of 40 mm AGL ammunition such as HE, Smoke, and FIC's Canister loaded with 300 shotgun pellets for use against close-in ambushes by hostile infantry. It may also be uparmored with additional bolt-on armor and the proposed RPG mesh system to enhance its defensive systems. Gage-Cadillac LAV-150 (M-706) 'Commando' 4x4 APC Type: Armored Personnel Carrier, Wheeled (APC,W) Country of origin: USA Armor: 6.4 mm (¼"), Cadloy steel plate protects against 7.62 mm ammunition Crew: Commander, Driver + 10 Infantry Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: 5.69 m (18.66') Width: 2.26 m (7.41') Height: 1.98 m (6.5') Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 9,545.45 kg (21,000 lb) Power train Engine: One 191 hp Chrysler V-504 liquid cooled V-8 diesel engine Power-to-weight ratio: 20:23 hp/metric ton Transmission: 5-speed Transfer case: Axles: Tires: 14x20, run flat Suspension: Solid beam ale, semi-elliptical multileaf spring suspension with double hydraulic shock absorbers Performance Max land speed: 90 kph (56 mph) Water speed: 5 kph (3 mph) Acceleration: Range: 812 km (505 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.61 m (2') Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: 60% Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: 12.7 mm HMG in 1-m Textron turret Max effective range: 1,800 m Rate of fire: 450 rpm Ammunition: 1,200 rounds Ammunition type: Ball Rangefinder: M-20 gunsights Night gun sight: White searchlight Secondary gun: 7.62 mm LMG coax Max effective range: 1,100 m Rate of fire: 100 rpm Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: White searchlight Other Defenses: 2 x Multibarrel smoke dischargers Variants used: V-150, V-150ST Program: Designed by in 1962 by Textron Marine and Land Systems (formerly Cadillac-Gage) as a reconnaissance vehicle, convoy escort, command, patrol and riot control platform, it saw service during the Vietnam war. The US Army does not use this APC but is used for FMS with about 3,000 in service to foreign armies. The AFP has about 165 units delivered including several older V-100s and 20 units of its Portuguese copy, Chaimite and 10 V-150S delivered in 1994, and are in service to the PALAB, PNP-SAF, PSG and PMC's Light Armor Vehicle Company (LAV Co). It is arguably the most common armored vehicle used by the PA from the 70's up to the late 90's, but is now being superseded by the Simba ACV. Structure: Powered by a Chrysler liquid cooled V-8 diesel engine, developing 191 hp, with a five-speed transmission, giving the vehicle a maximum cruising speed of 90 kph on four 14 x 20 run flat tires, which can still run 45 kph for about 150 kilometers after being punctured. The vehicle has a range of 643 kilometers on its 303 liters fuel capacity. It is fully amphibious, needing no special preparation and can ford streams and lakes at 5 kph from the propeller action of its tires. Four wheels powered (4x4), with front wheels steering and solid beam ale, semi-elliptical multileaf spring suspension with double hydraulic shock absorbers. It has a crew of two and can carry eleven infantrymen. Its quarter inch thick armor can defeat up to .30 caliber at point blank range. Optional 3/8" armor can withstand .50 cal round hits. The V-150 is available in various configurations, including command, recovery, mortar, TOW, air defense vehicles, and armored personnel carrier. A variety of armament stations can be installed, including most light and medium automatic weapons, missile systems, mortars, and cannons up to 90 mm. Main armament options used in the AFP for the V-150 includes 2 x 7.62 mm (800 rounds ready, 3000 in hull), and 2 x 12.7 mm (400 rounds ready , 1,000 in hull). Other variants includes 1 x 20 mm Oerlikon (200 rounds ready, 200 in hull), or 1 x 25 mm (200 rounds ready, 200 in hull), or 1 x 12.7 mm MG and 40 mm AGL, or 1 x 90 mm (8 rounds ready 31 in hull), or 1 x 81 mm mortar (62 rounds in hull). The AFP Logistics Command also developed two, local prototype version of the V-150 called the Hari-Digma, which has a US-made engine and locally manufactured components. Modernization: Some twelve units of V-150s were upgraded in 1998 to V-150ST, where they have extended rear compartments and turbocharged engines. Gage-Cadillac Textron undertook the Light Armor System Upgrade (LARSU) in 2004, which involved the mobility upgrade of twelve units of V-150 APCs by refitting the power train with 6-cylinder in-line internal combustion engines, for P170.88-M. In 2006 some of the PMC's V-150's have installed additional rear 12.7 mm HMG mounts taken from decommissioned units. The PMC's own LARSU Phase I project conceptualized as far back as 1994 will start on August 2006, with Textron Marine & Land Systems Division as the prime contractor to be done in Laguna. Under this program the Marine's V-150 Chrysler diesel engines will be uprated to the Cummins turbocharged diesel engines (similar to those in the V-300s), which will require the cutting and extension of the hull. Furthermore the old engines are planned to be reconfigured and installed on four V-100 Chaimite APC also to be reconfigured as ambulances and mortar carriers, if funds are allocated. The V-150 maybe also be considered for additional bolt-on armor (some units were seen with improvised wooden appliqué armors to predetonate RPG warheads in the Mindanao campaigns) and the proposed PMC RPG mesh system. Ingersoll/Pacific Car and Foundry Co. LVTH-6 Type: Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Howitzer Country of origin: USA Armor: 6.4-16 mm rolled homogenous steel Crew: Commander, Gunner, Driver, Loader, Crew chief + 2 Ammunition passers Air transportability: Dimensions Length: 9.04 m (30') Width: 3.57 m (11.71') Height, over AAMG: 4.08 m (13.38') Tread: 2.96 m (9.725') Ground clearance: 0.43 m (1.42') Ground pressure, zero penetration: 0.64 kg/cm² (9.1 psi) Weights and loadings Combat weight: 39,300 kg (86,600 lb) Weight, amphibious: 38,200 kg (84,200 lb) Power train Engine: One 704 hp Continental LV-1790-1, 4 stroke, 12-cylinder 90° gasoline, 810 hp at 2,800 rpm Power-to-weight ratio: 19 hp/ton Transmission: Allison CD-850-4A or -4B, 2 ranges forward, 1 reverse Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Center guide, single pin, steel with inverted grouser Suspension: Torsilastic type. Nine pairs of dual/track road wheels. Five dual/track return rollers. Seventeen-tooth rear drive sprockets. Dual compensating idlers at front of track. No shock absorbers Performance Max land speed: 48.3 kph (30 mph) Water speed: 11 kph (6.8 mph) Acceleration: Range, cruising: [road] 306 km (190 mi); [water] 92 km (57 mi) Vertical obstacle: 0.91 m ( 3') Trench: 3.66 m (12') Max fording depth: Floats Gradient: 70% Side slope: 60% Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: M-49 105 mm in T-172 mount Max effective range: Rate of fire: Elevation: -4.1° to +59° (manual, stabilized) Traverse: 360° (at 21°/sec, manual or hydraulic) Ammunition: 151 rounds (12 rounds ready) Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Secondary gun: M-1919A4E1 7.62 mm coax MG Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: None Other defenses: M-2 HB 12.7 mm roof HMG Variants used: LVTH-6 Program: First saw service in 1957 and well into the Vietnam war, where about 210 LVTH-6 variant were produced. The LVTH-6 (Howitzer) variant were used as fire support vehicles (FSV) during the early Mindanao campaigns in the 1970's (and thus does not carry additional personnel other than its crew). The PMC currently has four fully-operational LVTH-6A1s and about five in reserve. These units are utilized by the PMC's Assault Amphibian Vehicle Company (AAV Co), Assault Armor Battalion (AABN). Structure: Basically the same as the LVTP-5, with identical hulls and specs, but the H-6 model armed with a short barreled 105 mm howitzer mounted on a traversing turret, over the cargo compartment, capable of both direct, indirect and high angle fire. The commander seats in the rear, right, the gunner at the rear, front, with the loader at the rear, left, the driver at the left, front, the crew chief in front, right. The commander and loader have their own hatches in the turret. For amphibious operations weight is reduced by having only 51 rounds of ammunition. The turret has 25 mm front armor, 19 mm on the sides and 7 mm on the top. They also have an additional .30 cal coaxial LMG and a 12.7 mm pintle-mounted HMG atop the turret. In 2005 the PMC have brought back two additional units and will be utilized as Urban Fire Support Vehicles by the Marine Ready Force (MRF) based in Manila. They have additional frontal armor (and about 580 kg of extra weight) but their amphibious capabilities were initially not restored, fuel lines were also reinforced as well as some other internal modifications. Both sport the Berlin Brigade camouflage, similar to the one used by armored units of the PSG. A fifth LVT is being brought to operational status by reservists lacks the 105 mm gun and is an E1 (Engineer, model 1) version. It will be mounted with an Oerlikon Mk.4 20 mm/70 and will be used as an anti-aircraft platform and to ram road blocks. A sixth LVT is under consideration pending its role. A recent amphibious exercise in General Santos revived the Navy's interest in having an amphibious capability. The operational LVTs will have rubber linings and bilge pumps re-installed to reincorporate its amphibious functions, though its add-on armor may pose some weight and buoyancy problems, which may be compensated by the LVTH-6 having a lower ammunition load. This is why the PMC have reactivated some LARC-Vs to compensate for the lessened ammunition load of the LVTH-6s. ******************************* Ground Forces, Support Vehicles ******************************* AM General M-998/M-1025 'Humvee' (HMMWV) Type: High Mobility Multi Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) Country of origin: USA Armor: Crew: Driver + [M998] 4 Passengers Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: 4.573 m (15') Width: 2.16 m (7.08') Height: 1.75 m (5.74') ;[M-1025] 1.85 m (6') Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 2,359 kg (5,190 lb) Power train Engine: One 150 bhp General Motors V-8 6.2-liters fuel-injected diesel, liquid cooled, compression ignition, at 3,600 rpm, naturally aspirated Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Allison three-speed, automatic transmission Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: 90 kph (56 mph) Water speed: Acceleration: Range: 563 km (350 mi) Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: 0.76 m (2.5') Gradient: 60% Side slope: 40% Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: 12.7 mm M-2 HMG or 60 mm M-5 Light Mortar or 106 mm M-40-A1 Recoilless rifle Max effective range: [12.7 mm] 1,800 m Rate of fire: [12.7 mm] 450 rpm Ammunition: [12.7 mm] 1,200 rounds Ammunition type: [12.7 mm] Ball Rangefinder: Night gun sight: None Other defenses: Variants used: M-998, M-1025 Program: Developed by AM General in 1979 and first entered service in 1985, with about 55,000 Humvees produced to this date. The High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), popularly called Humvee is the replacement vehicle for the M-151 series jeeps. Its primary purpose is to provide a light tactical vehicle for various purposes and for mounting of various weapons platforms across all areas of a modern battlefield. The basic Humvee cost about $56,000, and should not be confused with the civilian Hummer H1 sold by General Motors. The AFP initially received about 1,000 HMMWVs through FMS in the late 80's, and were distributed across the major commands and the PNP, with most being in use by the GHQ and the PA. Structure: The 4x4 Humvee, the current world standard in military trucks, is powered by a high-performance water-cooled diesel engine with a 95 liters (25 gallons) fuel capacity, Allison three-speed, automatic transmission, four wheel drive, power-steering with a two-speed, locking, chain driven transfer case. Brakes are of hydraulic four-wheeled disc type and the engine fan is of clutch-type, engine-driven. The Humvee is both air-transportable and air-droppable from different type of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Electrical system consist of 24V 60A, negative ground-type. Depending on the model, the Humvee can be equipped with a self-recovery winch capable of supporting payloads up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb), and a 2,727 kg (6,000 lb) 1:1 ratio line pull capacity and supplemental armor plating. The AFP uses several variants - the M-1025/M-1026/M-1043 HMMWVs, Armament Carrier configuration, which re equipped with basic armor and a variety of weapons mount, located on the roof of the vehicle, either the M-60 7.62 mm machine-gun, the M-2 .50 caliber machine-gun, the Mk. 19 grenade launcher or the M-5 81 mm mortar. The weapons platform can be traversed 360°. It can also carry communications equipment instead of various weapons systems. The Humvee can climb 60% slopes and traverse a side slope of up to 40% fully loaded. The vehicles can ford hard bottom water crossing up to 0.76 meters without a deep water fording kit. The other versions, M-998/M-1038 Humvee are Cargo/Troop carrier and are used to transport equipment, materials, and/or personnel with a payload (including crew) of 1,136 kg (2,500 lb) and the troop carrier is capable of transporting a two man crew and eight passengers. Both use a troop seat kit for troop transport operations. The cargo/troop carrier can also be configured in a four man crew configuration. Though successful as a troop transport, it was never designed to be an APC, thereby it offers its passengers very little protection from small-arms fire. Foreign field reports indicate that additional improvised armor may do more harm than good for it strains the suspension and drivetrain components by the added weight. Modernization: Some Marine units sports improvised armor of various configurations from decommissioned LVTP-5s. M-151A1C 'Mutt' 4x4 Recoilless Rifle Carrier Jeep Type: Military Unit Tactical Truck (MUTT) Country of origin: USA Armor: None Crew: Driver + 3 Passengers Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 250 kg (550 lb) Power train Engine: Diesel engine Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: 442 km (275 mph) Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: 12.7 mm HMG or M-40-A1 106 mm Recoilless Rifle Max effective range: [12.7 mm] 1,800 m Rate of fire: [12.7 mm] 450 rpm Ammunition: [12.7 mm] 1,200 rounds Ammunition type: [12.7 mm] Ball Rangefinder: [M-40-A1] .50 cal spotting rifle Night gun sight: Variants used: Utility, RR carrier, MG carrier, Ambulance, Mobile Communications Program: The M-151 jeep is one of the workhorse utility vehicles of the AFP, received through FMS, from surplus US stocks, initially gasoline-powered, but converted to diesels by the Logistics Command, it is sometimes armed with a variety of machine-gun mounts, it can also carry the M-40-A1 106 mm recoilless rifle on a M-79 rifle mount to support infantry units against hardened targets such as bunkers and hostile APCs. It has a magazine fed .50 caliber spotting gun attached to aid in aiming the weapon. The weapon can be depressed at -11° and elevated to +11°, with the vehicle able to carry up to six rounds of ammunition and weapon tools. The M-151 is also capable of carrying communications equipment to provide C² over field units. It may carry any of the following all-weather, all-terrain radios - VHF/AM (Air traffic control communication transceiver); UHF/AM (Military tactical communication transceiver); VHF/AM (air-to-ground communications transceiver URC-777 with AMP 50-RF booster); HF/SSB (Single sideband communications transceiver URC-187 with LA-100-RF booster). Power supply for the communications gear is a Vetronix PS-20C, with an auxiliary power unit gas-driven, air-cooled generator supplying 4 kW. M-35 6x6 Truck Type: Armed 6x6 Utility Vehicle Country of origin: USA Armor: Rolled homogenous steel plates (PMC guntrucks only) Crew: Driver + ? Infantry Air transportability: roll-on/roll-off C-130 Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) Power train Engine: Diesel engine Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: 12.7 mm HMG Max effective range: 1,800 m Rate of fire: 450 rpm Ammunition: 1,200 rounds Ammunition type: Ball Rangefinder: Optical Night gun sight: None Variants used: Command carrier, Dump truck, Water carrier, Vehicle Recovery Program: Thousands of M-35 6x6 truck were received through FMS from surplus US stocks and serve as general transports through the years. The PMC's 6th Marine Battalion Landing Team initially converted a 2 ½ M-35 truck, which was uparmored with add-on armor from salvaged hull plates from decommissioned LVTP-5, thereby creating a hardened and protected convoy vehicle dubbed as "Talisman". As it was successful in saving infantry's lives in the field, the PMC started hardening of fifteen other M-35 trucks to serve as additional armored transports in the South. Unlike the prototype Guntruck, the armor of the new Guntrucks are brand new and are not salvaged from the old LVTP-5s, also they are welded or bolted in place. The two-layer armor can withstand up to 7.62 mm ball and AP ammunition. The armor configurations vary and are usually located in the side and the rear with the top left open. Machine-guns can be mounted along the sides of the truck. The PMC plans to deploy about two Guntrucks to each deployed Marine battalion. The PMC plans to deploy about two Guntrucks per deployed Marine battalion. GKN Limited Aquatrack Type: Amphibious Vehicle Country of origin: United Kingdom Armor: Crew: Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Power train Engine: Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max Land Speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Variants used: Program: Designed and produced by GKN Limited, actually owned by the DND, Office of Civil Defense (OCD), these tracked, amphibious vehicles are operated the PMC, and are utilized for disaster relief operations throughout the country. They are designed to transport payloads from off-shore vessels. The design of the tracks are derived from the US Army's MRLS, and is equipped with a propeller for increased water speed. LARC-V (Light, Amphibious, Resupply, Cargo Vehicle) Type: 4x4 Amphibious Vehicle Country of origin: Armor: Serrated aluminum Crew: Air transportability: Dimensions: Length: 19.21 m (63') Width: 8.23 (27') Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 37,000 kg (81,400 lb) Power train Engine: Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: 50 kph (31 mph) Water speed: 15 kph (9 mph) Acceleration: Range at land, with 60-T payload, at 23 kph (14 mph): 241 km (150 mi) Range at water, with 60-T payload, at 6 knts: 75 nm Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Program: Basically having the same function as GKN's Aquatrack, though it has a larger capacity and runs on wheels. The PMC operates this vehicle usually for disaster relief operations throughout the country. Payload is 60 tons. Recently the PMC has made two LARC-V's operational to support the uparmored LVTH-6s in its inventory by carrying its additional ammunition requirements during amphibious operations with a third unit said to be operational by September 2006. ************************ Ground Forces, Artillery ************************ M-114 Type: Medium-range Field Artillery Caliber: 155 mm Dimensions: 7.29 m x 2.44 m x 1.8 m (24' x 8' x 6') Weight: 5,772 kg (12,700 lb) Crew: 11 Artillery Men Performance Range: 14.6 km (9 mi) Elevation: -2° to +63° Traverse: +24° to -25° Ammunition: Rate of fire: 1 rpm Program: First used in 1942 and was designated M-1, redesigned after WW II and redesignated as M-114. The PA currently has twelve units in its inventory. Structure: When the weapon is in its firing position, it is supported on its trails and at traveling position the trails are locked together and attached to a prime mover, usually a M-35 2 ½ ton 6x6 truck. Its recoil system is of the hydropneumatic, variable type and its breechblock is of the stepped thread/interrupted screw type. Rate of fire of two rounds for the first thirty seconds, eight rounds for the first four minutes, sixteen rounds for the first ten minutes, with about forty rounds maximum per hour. Sustained rate of fire is two round per minute. Soltam Limited M-68 Type: Medium-range Field Artillery Caliber: 155 mm Dimensions: Weight: Crew: Performance Range: 23.5 km (14.6 mi) Elevation: Traverse: Ammunition: Standard M107 Rate of fire: 2 rpm Program: Manufactured by Soltam Limited, of Haifa Israel, the M-68, 155 mm howitzer fires standard M-107 ammunition with a maximum range of 23,500 meters and base bleed ammunition at 33,000 meters range. Maximum cyclic rate of fire is about five rounds per minute and about two rounds per minute sustained rate of fire. Supported on trails in firing position, which is locked together when traveling on its four wheels and attached to a M-35 6x6 prime mover. The PA has about fourteen units in its inventory. Rock Island Arsenal M-101A1 Type: Light Field Artillery Caliber: 105 mm Dimensions: 6.71 m x 1.59 m x 1.96 m (22' x 5.2' x 6.4') Weight: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) Crew: 8 Artillery Men Performance Range: 8 km (5 mi); [uprated] 13 kms (8 mi) Elevation: - 5° to + 75° Traverse: 360° Ammunition: Rate of fire: 3 rpm Program: First entered service in the US Army in 1966 during the Vietnam war, and acquired by the AFP through FMS. These are the primary field artillery of the AFP and are used for direct or indirect fire. Most of the 230+ units of M-101s of the AFP are used by the Philippine Army and PMC's Field Artillery Battalion (FABN). Structure: The M-101 105 mm light howitzer is a general purpose, towed, light field artillery, consisting of the a) cannon, M-2 105 mm, which consist of the tube assembly, breech ring and locking ring; b) the recoil mechanism of the M-2 series in which the cannon is mounted through a recoil sleigh, with the recoil mechanism, a constant hydropneumatic type shock absorber that decreases the energy of the recoil gradually and so avoids violent movement of the cannon or carriage. It is installed in the cradle of the carriage; c) and a carriage which is of the single axle and split trail type. The trails are divided at emplacement, but are drawn together and locked during travel. A drawbar is provided for securing to a prime mover, usually a M-35 2 ½ ton 6x6 truck. The carriage consists of an equilibrator, shield, elevating mechanism, cradle, gear, elevating arcs, traversing mechanism, top carriage, wheels, and trails. The cannon is single-loaded, air-cooled and uses semi-fixed ammunition. When in firing position, the wheels are raised off the ground and rest on a turntable under the front of the carriage - this enables the weapon to be quickly traversed 360° to another target. When emplaced, the howitzer's high volume of fire compensates in large measure for the lower explosive weight of the projectile compared to the M-114 155 mm howitzers. Modernization: In 1996, the PA ordered twelve upgrade kits from GIAT of France similar to the ones the Royal Thai Army procured. It basically replaces the old worn-out barrels with barrels similar to the GIAT LG Mk. II used by the French Army. The upgrade also includes 1,200 rounds of GIAT base bleed ammunition. Upgrading was the most cost-effective means to extend its service life than purchasing a new light gun howitzer. The upgrading would increase the maximum range of the 105 mm from the current 8 kilometers to 13 kilometers using standard M-1 ammunition and up to 19.5 kilometers using the extended range base bleed ammunition. Recently, PA field artillery battalions have began training with Automated Fire Direction Center System (AFDCS), by using laptops loaded with the AFDCS software, which was field tested on May 26, 2005 and September 3, 2005 in Fort Magsaysay, Nueva Ecija. The user's training manual were completed on November 23, 2005 and most probably in service to date. OTO Melara M-56/14 Type: Pack Howitzer Caliber: 105 mm Dimensions: 1.47 m x m x m (4.825' x ' x ') Weight: 1,273 kg (2,806 lb) Crew: Performance Range: 10.22 km (6.35 mi) Elevation: -7° to +65° Traverse: 56° Ammunition: HE, HEAT Rate of fire: 3-4 rpm; [uprated] 6-8 rpm Program: Developed by Italy's OTO Melara in the 50's, to meet the requirement for a modern light weight howitzer that could be used by Italy's world famous Alpini Brigades. One of its unique abilities is that it can be used for direct fire, being lightweight. The PMC's Field Artillery Battalion (FABN) uses six units (including one rapid-fire model, upgraded by FIC, where the expended cartridge case is ejected automatically, leaving the chamber ready to receive the next round), in addition to the M-101s in their inventory. It can be utilized for anti-armor role and when using HEAT ammunition, it can penetrate up to 102 mm of conventional rolled steel armor, but is less effective against modern composite armor. Structure: This 105 mm howitzer can use the same shells that the M-101 can use to a maximum range of 10.22 kilometers. Standard rate of fire is four rounds per minute for thirty minutes, three rounds per minute for one hour. Rate of fire in anti-armor role is eight rounds per minute. The M-56, which has eleven sub-assemblies can be dismantled in three minutes and re-assembled in four minutes by a well-trained crew. When dismantled the M-56 can fit in a UH-1H Huey helicopter. Bofors 40 mm Mk. 3 AA Main specs, see Weapons Systems Bofors 40 mm Class entry Crew: Gunner, Piece Chief, Feeder Program: In 2006, the PMC, with the intention to improve its conventional capabilities have began to assemble elements for the formation of an air defense battalion under its Field Artillery Battalion (FABN). Their primary weapons will be the Bofors Mk. 3 40 mm anti-aircraft cannons salvaged from decommissioned ships. The guns were overhauled to fighting condition and are mounted on a flatbed, semi-trailer truck. Oerlikon 20 mm Mk. 4 AA Main specs, see Weapons Systems Oerlikon 20 mm Class entry Crew: Gunner Program: Also part of the PMC's fledgling AD battalion, the single mount Oerlikon 20 mm, which came from decommissioned PN ships, are mounted on M-35 trucks. Twin 0.50 Cal HMG AA Type: Anti-aircraft Artillery Caliber: 2 x 12.7 mm Dimensions: Weight: Crew: 1 Performance Range: 0.75 km Elevation: Traverse: Ammunition: Rate of fire: 450 rpm Program: In addition to the Bofors Mk. 3 40 mm AAA and the Oerlikon 20 mm, the PMC is also reusing gun mounts from decommissioned Swift Mk. 1/Mk. 2 Inshore Patrol vessels (IPV). The guns are reconditioned, receiving new wiring and trigger mechanisms. The system is mounted on Marine M-35 trucks, and provide a mobile low level anti-aircraft capability. The gun's traverse and elevation are both manual but the gun is fired electrically through a 24V battery. The mount itself is balanced and spring loaded so the guns are easy to train and elevate onto their targets. These units are assigned to the Philippine Marine Ready Force (MRF). Operational units are currently mounted on M-35 trucks but plans are underway to mount them on towed trailers. ******************************* Prototypes/ Indigenous Projects ******************************* Land Vehicle Systems LogCom/Steelcraft Hari Digma APC Type: Armored Personnel Carrier (W) Armor: Crew: Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Power train Engine: Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Max fording depth: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Secondary gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Other defenses: Program: The Hari-Digma APC was a project of the AFP Logistics Command to create a locally-manufactured version of the V-150 APC. LogCom developed two, local prototype, which has a US-made engine and locally manufactured components, cost per unit was P3-M as to the V-150's P9-M price tag. The project was abandoned after the Philippine Army decided to order GKN Sankey's Simba ACV. MX-1 Kalakian APC Type: Armored Personnel Carrier (W) Armor: Crew: Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Power train Engine: Detroit diesel Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Allison transmission Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Secondary gun: Max effective range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Other defenses: Program: The Kalakian (Water Buffalo) is a locally built wheeled APC which was designed as a larger, improved, local version of GKN's Simba APC. It can mount a larger turret and a heavier weapons system, the design was conceived to reflect the experience of using the Simba in actual combat operations, including having two side doors instaed of the Simba's single one. Apparently the PA ordered 20 units, the status currently which is unknown. Marine Multi-Purpose Vehicle 4x4 (MMPV) Type: 4x4 Multi-Purpose Vehicle Armor: Crew: 1 + 3 Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Power train Engine: Mitsubishi diesel engine Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: M-40-A1 106 mm recoilless rifle or 12.7 mm HMG Max effctive range: Rate of fire: Ammunition: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: 0.50 caliber spotting gun Night gun sight: Program: The PMC has produced a local version of the HMMWV and called it the Marine Multi-purpose Vehicle (MMPV). Sources say that it is a heavily modified Mitsubishi Pajero (Montero in US), powered by the Mitsubishi 2.8 L SOHC turbodiesel rated at 92 kW (123 hp/125 PS), transmission, chassis, and 4WD, with an electronic transfer shift that could split power between both axles without the need to stop the vehicle. It cost much less than US-made Humvees, about P310,000 bare, with an additional P35,000 for military equipment and modifications. The Marines have been testing the prototype with a M-40-A1 106 mm recoilless rifle that was taken from Marine soon-to-be decomissioned M-151 jeeps. While the Philippine Navy is negotiating for US-made Humvees including several variants, the Marines will make do with these local version. The prototype is currently undergoing rigorous test to prove its reliability. CMC Cruiser Jeeps Type: 4x4 Utility Vehicle Armor: None Crew: 1 + 3 Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 250 kg (550 lb) Power train Engine: Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: M-60 LMG Max effctive range: 1,100 m Rate of fire: 100 rpm Ammunition: Rangefinder: Optical Night gun sight: None Program: Built during the Marcos Administration by the Philippine Army Research and Development Center (PARDC) to augment the existing M-151 "Mutt" and "Kennedy" jeeps. Still in service up to now. Some units are armed usually with machine-gun(s). Delta Motors Mini-cruiser Jeeps Type: 4x4 Utility Vehicle Armor: None Crew: 1 + 3 Air transportability: Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: 250 kg (550 lb) Power train Engine: Power-to-weight ratio: Transmission: Transfer case: Axles: Tracks: Suspension: Performance Max land speed: Water speed: Acceleration: Range: Vertical obstacle: Trench: Gradient: Side slope: Turning diameter: Weapon Systems Main gun: M-60 LMG Max Effctive Range: 1,100 m Rate of fire: 100 rpm Ammunition: Rangefinder: .Optical Night gun sight: None Program: Military mobility project involving RDC, Delta Motors Corp., and in a joint-venture agreement with Toyota of Japan, produced the Mini-Cruiser, ¼-ton, all terrain light vehicle most suited for AFP ground forces which provided a worthy substitute for the M-151. Missile Systems Mk. 40 'Sumpak' TMRLS Type: Mobile Multiple Rocket Launch System Crew: Caliber: 12 x 70 mm Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Performance Range: Elevation: -5° to +55° Traverse: Firing Mode: Single or Ripple Ammunition: 12 x 70 mm FFAR Program: The Mk. 40 Sumpak was an experimental trailer mounted modular MRL system initially developed by the PAF SDRDG in 1981. Reconfigured as a jeep-mounted version, which greatly enhanced its mobility and stability, it was intended for various applications such as point defense and shore-to-ship implacement, firing standard 70 mm HEAT, FFAR. Status is currently unknown. SB 110 Rocket Launch System Dimensions Length, overall: 871 mm Span: 277 mm Warhead diameter: 110 mm Rocket diameter: 110 mm Height: Weights and loadings Landing weight: 15.1 kg (33 lb) Weight, warhead: 6.8 kg (15 lb) Weight, rocket motor: 8.1 kg (18 lb) Weight, fuze: 0.2 kg (0.44 lb) Program: Designed and manufactured locally by the Philippine Army. It is an experimental six-barelled launch system, which can be mounted on trucks. SB 110 is the 110 mm version, there have been reports of a 90 mm and 180 mm versions. SANBA aka "Bongbong" SSM Type: Surface to Surface Missile Dimensions Length: Diameter: 106 mm/ 180 mm Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Performance Range: 12 km (7.5 mi) Speed: Program: Initiated during the Marcos administration as Project: Santa Barbara by the PN under the Self-Reliant Development Program. Developed clandestinely as a point defense weapons, by National Science Development Board (NSDB), Universiity of the Philippines and German engineers, headed by Commo. Protacio in Sangley Point, Cavite, the project developed several experimental variants and was powered by a solid propellant, anhydrous hydrazine, the one used in the 7.2" hedgehogs anti-submarine depth charges aboard the PN's DE's. Prototypes were test fired in Fuga and Caraballo islands. The project was shelved in '80s. Status is currently unknown, most probably abandoned, with the stored propellants reportedly converted to cleaning agents by UP experts, which NAPOCOR bought and used for their boilers. Aircrafts XT-001 Basic Trainer Type: Two, Three-seat trainer Wings: Cantilever low-wing monoplane Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Powerplant: One 260 hp (194 kW) Lycoming O-540-E4A5 flat-six engine, driving a two-blade constant-speed propeller with spinner. Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: 8.40 m (27' 6 ¾") Length, overall: 7.10 m (23' 3 ½") Height, overall: 2.40 m (7' 10 ½") Areas Wings, gross: 10.10 m² (108.7 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty, equipped: 720 kg (1,587 lb) Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: 1,200 kg (2,645 lb) Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: 260 kph (140 knots; 162 mph) Stalling speed: 120 kph (65 knots; 75 mph) Rate of climb: Service ceiling: T-O run: Landing run: Combat radius: Range: Weapon systems: Program: Designed and built by the PAF Self-Reliance Development Wing in 1975 from locally designed jigs and fixtures. It closely resembles the SIAI Marchetti SF.260MP trainer, but with modified wingtips and cockpit and the prototype was initially thought to be a modified SF.260MP. Comparison of data with those for the SF.260MP indicates a slight increase in wing span (though not in gross area), a lower empty weight, and (despite a similar powerplant and identical max T-O weight) a slightly reduced performance. First test flight was also in 1975. Status is currently unknown. XT-004 'Layang' Type: Basic Trainer Wings: Cantilever low-wing monoplane Fuselage: Semi-monocoque aluminum structure Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Powerplant: 350 shp Allison engine Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: Length, overall: Height, overall: Areas Wings, gross: Weights and loadings Weight, empty: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: Stalling speed: Rate of climb: Service ceiling: T-O run: Landing run: Combat radius: Range: Weapon systems: Program: After an intensified and revitalized Self-reliance program in 1996 the XT-004 Project code-named "Layang" was developed by the PAF Research and Development Center in Villamor Airbase, Pasay City. It is a single-engine aircraft powered by a 350 shp Allison turbo-prop engine and is constructed from aluminum with a semi monocoque structure. According the PAFRDC, the aircraft jigs and fixtures have already been built since 1985, but lack of funds hindered the completion of the project. Status is currently unknown, probably shelved pending further funding. American Jet Industries T-610 Super Pinto/Cali Type: Two-seat Jet Trainer Wings: Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Powerplant: 12.7 kN (2,850 lb static) General Electric CJ610-4 non-afterburning turbojet engine Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: Length, overall: 9.58 m (31' 5") Height, overall: 3.48 m (11' 5") Areas Wings, gross: 13.93 m² (150 ft²) Weights and loadings Weight, empty: 1,466 kg (3,225.20 lb) Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: 375 knots Stalling speed: 63 knots Max rate of climb at S/L: 2,743 m/min (8,997 ft/min) Service ceiling: 14.63 km T-O run at S/L: 152.43 m (500') Landing run at S/L: 243.90 m (800') Combat radius: Range: Endurance: 5.5 hours Weapon systems: Provision for 6 underwing hardpoints. Program: A modified version of the Temco TT-1 Pinto jet trainer, originally powered by a Turbomeca Marbore J69 turbojet and first flew in March 1956. American Jet Industries (AJI), modified the aircraft for Light Strike by changing the powerplant with the General Electric CJ610-4 turbojet engine and extending the fuselage by 2 meters. Wingtip fuel tanks were added as well as provision for six underwing hardpoints and was renamed Super Pinto. The prototype first flew in June 1968. The PAF bought the rights for the work drawings, design and production of the aircraft from AJI in 1978 and had plans for the commercial production of the aircraft and had it renamed Cali. After the Marcos administration collapsed the project was shelved. Status is currently unknown. Limbas Type: Jet Trainer Wings: Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Powerplant: Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: Length, overall: Height, overall: Areas Wings, gross: Weights and loadings Weight, empty: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: Stalling speed: Rate of climb: Service ceiling: T-O run: Landing run: Combat radius: Range: Weapon systems: Program: Acquired by the PAF in 1976 from the US (probably the AJI Cali), the PAFRDC's revised project designed the aircraft from scratch using a pure jet powerplant, other changes made was the replacement for the single canopy into a two-piece canopy, changes in engine mount, intake and cover. The designs are kept by the PAFRDC in microfilm, pending funding for further research. Status is currently unknown. Kalabaw Type: Utility Aircraft Wings: Fuselage: Tail unit: Landing gear: Accommodation: Powerplant: Systems: Avionics and equipment: Dimensions, External Wing span: Length, overall: Height, overall: Areas Wings, gross: Weights and loadings Weight, empty: Typical mission weights Max T-O weight: Performance Never exceed speed: Max cruising speed: Stalling speed: Rate of climb: Service ceiling: T-O run: Landing run: Combat radius: Range: Weapon systems: None Program: One of the PAF RDC's projects which intended to build a workhorse utility aircraft. The aircraft has design similarities with the N-22 Nomad transport aircraft, was in its preliminary design stages when it was shut down. Status is currently unknown, most probably abandoned. Weapon Systems AFM-M3 Cluster Bomb Unit (CBU) Type: Air Munition Bomblet: Standard 81 mm Mortar shell Fuze: M-651 point detonating fuze Dimensions: Weight, overall: 39.05 kg (86 lb) Performance Max effective range: Lethal zone: Program: Developed by the PAFRDC at Villamor Airbase in Pasay city, together with FIC and PEFTOK Investment Development Corp. The AFM-M3 CBU consist of six standard 81 mm morta shells and is equipped with locally manufactured M-651 aerial fuzes. It is held together by an all-metal clustering device consisting of a carbonized 1015 carbon-steel gauge #20 shell strap and a standard 14 inch 1020 carbon-steel suspension lug. It can be mounted on a standard MA-4A bomb rack, which can be mounted on all aircraft and helicopters. The CBU is intended effective for are saturation bombing involving fleeing targets for COIN operations. Currently still in use. External Mounting Assembly (EMA) Type: Air Munition Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Program: Developed by the PAFRDC at Villamor Airbase in Pasay city, together with Elitool Incorporated (Philippines). The External Mounting Assembly is specifically designed for the Bell 205/UH-1H, to give it a forward-fring capability consisting of various weapon systems. The UH-1H equipped with EMAs now have access to four hardpoints with standard MA-4A bomb racks, which can be fitted with a maximum load of 500 kg (150 kg inboard and 110 kg outboard). It is controlled by a front panel installed fire control system, which has a provision for emergency jettison of mounted air munitions. The following combination can be used with the EMA (inboard/outboard): 12.7 mm HMG with 250 rds/ 7 x 70 mm rocket launcher; or 150 kg GPLDB/ 18 x 80 mm rocket launcher; or 6 x 81 mm rocket launcher/ 8 x 68 mm rocket launcher; or 7.60 mm LMG, with 500 rds/ 8 x 68 mm rocket launcher; or 12.7 mm HMG, with 250 rds/ AF-337K; or 12.7 mm HMG, with 250 rds/ AFM-M3 81 mm CBU. Gulok Type: Air Munition Dimensions Length: Width: Height: Ground clearance: Weights and loadings Weight: Program: Developed by the PAFRDC at Villamor Airbase in Pasay city, in cooperation with various local industries. The Gulok is a modular rocket launcher and heavy machine-gun combined and can be mounted in any aircraft with a standard 14 inch MA-4A bomb rack. It is electrically operated by a fire control system. The Gulok carries a 12.7 mm HMG and 4 x 70 mm folding fin aerial rockets (FFAR). Trident Strike HMG Type: Automated HMG Barrel length: Bore diameter: 12.7 mm Weight: Range: Rate of fire: Elevation: Muzzle velocity: Ammunition: Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Electro-optical Night gun sight: Program: Developed jointly by the Navy Reserve Force Division and the Mapua Institute of Technology engineering students as an automated gunboat mounted machine-gun in 2006. The gun is fired remotely below deck by gunners. Prototype still currently undergoing testing. Watercraft Temper-class LCM Type: Landing Craft Displacement, full load: 330 T Dimensions: 23.46 m x 5.18 m x 2.74 m (77' x 17' x 9') Main Machinery: 2 x Fuso 140 hp diesels or 3 x Isuzu 240 hp diesels Speed: [Fuso diesel] 20 knts; [Isuzu] 30 knts Range: Complement: Weapon Systems Main gun: 1 x 12.7 mm HMG Range: 1.80 km Rate of fire: 450 rpm Elevation: Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Secondary gun: 1 x 7.62 mm LMG Range: 1.10 km Rate of fire: 100 rpm Elevation: Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Radars Surface Search: Decca radar Range: Navigation: Decca radar Sonar: Builders: SRDP Program: Developed in the late 80's through the Self-Reliance Development Program. Prototypes were tested with different engines. Status currently unknown, most probably abandoned. Small Arms Marine Scout Sniper Rifle/ Designated Marksman Rifle Type: Sniper Rifle Firearm action: Gas-operated, semi-automatic Length: 107.32 cm (42.25"); [PN SWG model] 97.16 cm (38.25"); [NFWS] 80 cm (31.5") Length of barrel: 60.96 cm (24"); [PN SWG model] 50.8 cm (20") Weight: 4.55 kg (10 lb); [PN SWG model] 3.64 kg (8 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") Max range: 700 m (765.33 yd) Max effective range: 600 m (656 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 20 or 30 round capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO, 68 gr Hornady or BTHP Match or 73 gr TAP BTHP Match Rangefinder: Bushnell 3-9 x 40 mm with Mil-dot reticle, mounted on DPMS Tri-mount on upper receiver. Rear part of carry handle is retained to reinforce the DPMS Tri-mount. Front sight post removed Night gun sight: Unit cost: [bare MSSR] P120,000; [bare NFWS] P40,000 Program: Developed in-house by N-6 out of need for a dedicated sniper rifle for the PMC MBLT-6 in 1996, the current model is a third generation sniper rifle derived from the M-16A1 5.56 mm rifle. The entire weapon system consists of the rifle, hard case, Otis cleaning kit, binocular and a variable 15-35 x spotting scope, with the itself rifle painted Marine paint schemes. The rifle uses PMC-manufactured match-grade 5.56 mm and 7.62 mm ammunition from Hornady reloaders acquired in 2005, which can produce 1,000 rounds a day. These rifles are used by the graduates of the PMC's gruelling Marine Scout Sniper Training School. The Navy Night Fighting Weapons System (NFWS) is also a derivative of the M-16A1 and produced in-house by the Navy research and development group, with an integral suppressor/silencer and uses a Litton Model M845 Mk.II Night Vision Sight or the Night Optics D-740/760 Advanced Night Vision Weapon Sight as night gunsights. The NFWS is slightly heavier than the MSSR. Government Arsenal Special Assault Weapon-9 (SAW-9) Type: Sub-machine-gun Firearm action: Blowback, closed-bolt Length: [overall] 65.5 cm (25.79"); [folded] 57.5 cm (22.64") Length of barrel: 23.5 cm (9.25") Weight: [with full magazine] 2.6 kg (5.72 lb) Bore diameter: 9 mm x 19 Max range: Max effective range: Muzzle velocity: 400 m/sec (1,312 ft/sec) Rate of fire: 850 rpm Feed system: Magazine, 20 or 32 round capacity Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gun sight: Unit cost: Program: The GA under the Self-reliant defense program is conducting test on prototypes of a 9 mm Special Assault Weapon. The current weapons being tested are fourth-generation prototypes and 10 units are currently being field tested by the AFP in 2005. ******************* AFP Weapons Systems ******************* OTO Melara 76 mm/62 Compact DP USN designation Mk. 75 Type: Dual-purpose gun (stabilized) Gun length, overall: Barrel length: 4.72 m (186") Rifling length: 4.01 m (158") Grooves: 24 Bore diameter: 76.2 mm (3") Chamber Volume: Weight of gun, tube and liner: 765 kg (1,686 lb) Weight of mount: [with ammo] 8,520 kg (18,783 lb); [without ammo] 7,439 kg (16,400 lb) Weight of shell: 6.3 kg (13.88 lb) Range: [max eff, HE shell] 8 km (4.97 mi); [+45°, HE shell] 18.4 km (11.44 mi); [AA, +85°, HE shell] 4 km (2.49 mi) Rate of Fire: [auto] 80-85 rpm Elevation: -15° to +85° (at 35°/sec) Traverse: 360° (at 60°/sec) Muzzle velocity: 914-925 m/sec (3,000-3,024 fps) Ammunition: HE Feed System: Drum, 80 rounds ready Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Thermal Imaging Platforms: Jacinto-class OPVs Program: USN Mk. 22 3"/50 DP Type: Shore bombardment and surface action gun (rifled) Gun length, overall: 4.06 m (159.7") Barrel length: 3.82 m (150.3") Rifling length: 3.20 m (126.1") Grooves: 24, 0.76 mm (0.03") deep Bore diameter: 76 mm (3") Chamber Volume: 3.56 dm³ (217 in³) Weight of gun: 798 kg (1,760 lb) Weight of mount: 3.1-4.3 T Weight of shell: 6 kg (13.2 lb) Range: [+43°, HE shell] 12 km (6.6 nm); [AA, HE shell] 9.27 km (5.76 mi) Rate of Fire: 20 rpm Elevation: -15° to +85° (manually operated) Traverse: 360° (manually operated) Muzzle velocity: 823 m/sec (2,700 fps) Ammunition: HE, HC, Mk. 29 AP Feed System: Gunfire Control System: Mk. 52 GFCS Rangefinder: Mk. 51 GFCS Night Gunsight: None Platforms: Humabon-class frigate, Rizal-class corvette, Malvar-class corvette Program: Bofors 40 mm/56 USN designation Mk. 1 and Mk. 2 (Twin/Quad mount, water-cooled) and Mk. 3 (Single mount, air-cooled) Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support gun (rifled) Gun length, overall: 3.78 m (148.8") Barrel length: 2.25 m (88.6") Rifling length: 1.93 m (75.85") Grooves: 16, 0.6 mm x 5.59 mm (0.0236" x 0.22") deep Bore diameter: 40 mm (1.57") Chamber Volume: 0.464 dm³ (28.3 in³) Weight of gun: [water-cooled] 522 kg (1,150 lb) Weight of mount, max: [Mk. 1 Twin] 5,897 kg (13,000 lb); [Mk. 2 Quad] 10,796 kg (23,800 lb); [Mk. 3 Single] 1,905 kg (4,200 lb) Weight of shell: 0.9 kg (1.98 lb) Range: [at 10°, HE shell] 6.26 km (3.89 mi); [at 25°, HE shell] 9.24 km (5.74 mi); [at 45°, HE shell] 11 km (5.9 nm); [at 10°, AP shell] 5.91 km (3.67 mi); [at 25°, AP shell] 8.19 km (5.09); [at 45°, AP shell] 9.68 km (6.02 mi); [AA] 7.16 km (3.87 nm) Rate of Fire: 120-160 rpm Elevation: [Mk. 1 and 2] -15° to +90° (at 24°/sec); [Mk. 3] -6° to +90° Traverse: 360° (at 26°/sec, power train driven) Muzzle velocity: 881 m/sec (2,890 fps) Ammunition: HE, AP, Tracer Feed System: Four-round clip, weighing 8.6 kg (19 lb), 2,000 rounds in stowage Armor Penetration, AP shell on Class "B" homogenous armor: [0 m (0 yd)] 69 mm (2.7"); [1,829 m (2,000 yd)] 30 mm (1.2"); [3,658 m (4,000 yd )] 15 mm (0.6"); [5,486 m (6,000 yd)] 11 mm ((0.45") Gunfire Control System: Mk. 51 Mod 2 GFCS Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: None Platforms: Humabon-class frigate, Rizal-class corvette, Malvar-class corvette, Aguinaldo-class LPCs, Batillo-class PKMs, Yap-class FACs, LSTs, Marine 40 mm AAA Program: Emerson Electric 30 mm/75 USN designation Mk. 28 (Gun) & Mk. 74/EX-74 (Mount) Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support chain gun, (stabilized, twin mount) Gun length, overall: Barrel length: 2.250 m (88.6") Bore diameter: 30 mm (Oerlikon 30 mm/75 KCB cannon) Chamber Volume: Weight of gun: Weight of mount: [unloaded] 1,889 kg(4,156 lb); [loaded, below deck] 295 kg (650 lb) Weight of shell: [HE] 0.42 kg (0.93 lb); [APDS] 0.30 kg (0.66 lb) Max eff range, HE shell: 10 km (6.22 mi); [AA] 2.75 km (1.71 mi) Rate of Fire: [cyclic] 600 rpm Elevation: -15° to +80° (at 80°/sec) Traverse: 360° (at 90°/sec, electrically driven) Muzzle Velocity: [HE] 1,080 m/sec (3,543 fps); [APDS] 1,175 m/sec (3,854 fps) Ammunition: HE, APDS Feed System: Link-fed magazine, 985 rounds in mount Gunfire Control System: Selenia Elsag NA 10 Mod 0 GFCS Rangefinder: Orion10x Fire Control Radar Night Gunsight: Platforms: Kagitingan-class CICs, Batillo-class PKMs Program: McDonnell Douglas/Alliant Techsystems M-242 25 mm/87 'Bushmaster' USN designation Mk. 88, Mk. 38 Mod 2 MGS or Mk. 96 Mod 0 M-242 25 mm/ Mk. 19 40 mm AGL combo Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support, chain gun (Mk. 38 and Mk. 96 stabilized) Gun length, overall: 2.67 m (105.2") Barrel length: 2.175 m (85.6") Bore diameter: 25 mm (1") NATO Chamber Volume: Weight of gun: 110 kg (243 lb) Weight of mount: [Mk. 88] 567 kg (1,250 lb) Weight of shell: 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) Range: [25 mm, max eff] 2.46 km (1.53 mi); [25 mm, max] 6.8 km (4.23 mi); [40 mm AGL, +15°, max eff] 1.63 km (1.01 mi); [40 mm AGL, +25°, max] 2.19 km (1.36 mi) Rate of Fire: [25 mm, low-rate, full auto] 100 rpm; [25 mm, high-rate, full auto] 175-200 rpm; [40 mm AGL] 400-450 rpm Elevation: -20° to +55° Traverse: 360° Muzzle Velocity: [25 mm] 1,100 m/sec (3,610 fps); [40 mm AGL] 244 m/sec (800 fps) Ammunition: HEI, HEI-T, SAPHEI, SAPHEI-T, APDS, APDS-T, FAPDS-T Feed System: [Mk. 96] Link-fed, 400 rounds 25 x 137 mm cartridge and 96 rounds for AGL Gunfire Control System: Manual of Electric Rangefinder: [Mk. 96] On-mount electro-optical (real-time, color, 360°, 7.3 km range) Night Gunsight: Platforms: Alvarez-class light corvette (Mk. 96), Andrada-class gunboats (Mk. 88), FS.100 'Simba' IFVs Program: MSI Defence System Ltd. 25 mm Chain gun Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support, chain gun Barrel length: Bore diameter: 25 mm Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: Elevation: Muzzle Velocity: Ammunition: Gunfire Control System: Manual or electric Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: Platforms: Jacinto-class OPVs Program: Oerlikon KBA 25 mm/80 Type: Chain gun, (stabilized) Gun length, overall: Barrel length: 200 cm (79") Bore diameter: 25 mm Chamber Volume: Weight of gun: Weight of mount: Weight of shell: 0.34 kg (0.16 lb) Range: [max eff] 2 km (1.25 mi) Rate of Fire: 570 rpm Elevation: Muzzle Velocity: 1,100 m/sec (3,609 fps) Ammunition: HEI-T, APDS-T Feed System: 25 x 137 mm Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Thermal Imaging Platforms: YPR-765 AIFVs Program: Oerlikon Mk. 4 20 mm/70 Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support gun (rifled) Gun length, overall: 2.21 m (87") Barrel length: 1.4 m (55.1") Rifling length: 1.25 m (49.1") Grooves: 9, 0.38 mm x 5.207 mm (0.015" x 0.205") deep Bore diameter: 20 mm (0.79") Chamber Volume: 34.855 cm³ (2.127 in³) Weight of gun: [with breech mechanism] 68.04 kg (150 lb); [without breech mechanism] 20.87 kg (46 lb) Weight of mount: 769 kg (1,695 lb) Weight of shell: [HE, HE-I, HE-T Mk. 7] 0.123 kg (0.27 lb); [HE-T Mk. 4] 0.117 kg (0.262 lb); [AP-T] 0.122 kg (0.260 lb) Range: [at 10°, HE-I shell] 3.15 km (1.96 mi); [at 25°, HE shell] 4.14 km (2.57 mi); [at 45°, HE shell] 4.39 km (2.73 mi); [AA] 3.05 km (1.90 mi) Rate of Fire: [cyclic] 450 rpm; [practical] 250-320 rpm Elevation: -5° to +87° Traverse: 360° (manual operation) Muzzle Velocity: 835 m/sec (2,725 fps) Ammunition: HE Mk. 3, HEI Mk. 3, HE-T Mk. 4, Mk. 7; AP-T Mk. 9 Feed System: Spiral magazine (link-fed), 60-100 rounds Gunfire Control System: Manual Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: Platforms: Humabon-class frigate, Rizal-class corvette, Malvar-class corvette, Aguinaldo-class LPCs, Batillo-class PKMs, Yap-class FACs, 1-511-class LSTs, LCUs, AT-25, YOGs, YWs, Marine 20 mm AAA Program: USN Mk. 16 20 mm, Mk. 67 mount Type: Anti-aircraft and close range gunfire support gun Gun length, overall: 1.97 m (77.7") Barrel length: Bore diameter: 20 mm (0.79") Weight of gun: 52.6 kg (116 lb) Weight of mount: 216 kg (475 lb) Weight of shell: 0.13 kg (0.29 lb) Range: [max eff] 1.83 km (1.14 mi) Rate of Fire: [cyclic] 600-850 rpm Elevation: -30° to +75° (manually operated) Traverse: 360° (manually operated) Muzzle velocity: 817 m/sec (2,680 fps) Ammunition: M 90 series; HEI, APT Feed System: Link-fed, 20 x 110 mm Gunfire Control System: Optical Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: None Platforms: Jacinto-class corvette, Malvar-class corvette Program: CMI Cockeril Mechanical Industries SA CSE 90 Turret Mk. 3 90 mm/36 cal Gun Type: Armored vehicle gun mount, (rifled) Barrel length: 3.24 m (127.53") Bore diameter: [main] 90 mm (3.54"); [coax] 7.62 mm Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: Elevation: Traverse: 360° (at 30°/sec) Muzzle Velocity: Ammunition: Feed System: [90 mm] 42 rounds, 8 ready; [7.62 mm] Link-fed, 300 rounds Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Power periscope and vision blocks Night Gunsight: White Searchlight Platforms: V-300 FSVs Program: Chartered Industries of Singapore 40 mm/ 12.7 mm AGL/HMG combo Turret Type: Armored vehicle gun mount Gun length, overall: [main] 1 m (3.28') Barrel length: [main, with suppressor] 0.37 m (1.21'); [main, without suppressor] 0.35 m (1.15') Rifling length: Grooves: [main] 24, right-hand twist rifling Bore diameter: [main] ST Kinetics Mk. 19 Mod. 3 40 mm AGL; [coax] 12.7 mm Weight: [main] 45 kg (99 lb) Weight of shell: [main] 0.34 kg (0.75 lb) Range: [main, max] 2.2 km (1.37 mi) Rate of Fire: [main, cyclic] 350-550 rpm Elevation: Traverse: Muzzle Velocity: [main] 242 m/sec (794 fps) Ammunition: [main] S-411/S-413 HEDP, S-412 HE, S-415A TPT, S-416A TP Feed System: [main] Belt-fed, 32 rounds Gunfire Control System: Electric solenoid or manual trigger Rangefinder: Power periscope and vision blocks Night Gunsight: White Searchlight Platforms: V-300 APCs, M-113 APCs Program: Textron 1-m Turret Type: Armored vehicle gun mount Barrel length: Bore diameter: [main] 12.7 mm ; [coax] 7.62 mm Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: Elevation: -8° to +45° Traverse: 360° (manual operation) Muzzle Velocity: Ammunition: Feed System: [main] Link-fed, 900 rounds, 200 ready; [coax] Link-fed, 2,400 rounds, 400 ready Gunfire Control System: Rangefinder: Monocular sight, power periscope and vision blocks Night Gunsight: White Searchlight Platforms: V-150 APCs, M-113 APCs Program: M-260 7 x 70 mm 'Hydra' Lightweight Rocket Launcher Type: Air munition, rocket pod Barrel length: Bore diameter: 7 x 70 mm (2.75") Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: Single or ripple Muzzle Velocity: Ammunition: 7 x 70 mm (2.75") FFAR Gunfire Control System: Electrical Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: None Platforms: MG-520 Program: M-3P 12.7 mm HMP Type: Air munition, machine-gun pod Barrel length: Bore diameter: 12.7 mm (0.5") Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: 1,000 rpm Muzzle Velocity: Feed system: Ammunition: 250 rounds; HE Gunfire Control System: Electrical Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: None Platforms: MG-520 Program: FN Herstal HMP Type: Air munition, machine-gun pod Barrel length: Bore diameter: 12.7 mm (0.5") Weight: Range: Rate of Fire: Muzzle Velocity: Feed system: Ammunition: Gunfire Control System: Electrical Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: Platforms: Program: **************************** AFP Small Arms (Crew-served) **************************** M-40A2/A4 106 mm Recoilless Rifle Type: Recoilless rifle Firearm action: Length: 340.36 cm (134") Length of barrel: Weight: 219.55 kg (483 lb) Bore diameter: 105 mm Crew: 2 Max range: Max effective range: 8,400 m (9,184 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: 0.50 cal spotting gun Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-67 90 mm Recoilless Rifle Type: Recoilless rifle Firearm action: Length: 134.6 cm (53") Length of barrel: Weight: [unloaded with sight] 17 kg (37.5 lb) Type of breechblock: Interrupted thread Type of firing mechanism: Percussion Bore diameter: 90 mm (3.54") Crew: Gunner + 2 Ammo Bearers Max range: 2,100 m (2,300 yd) Max effective range: [stationary target] 300 m (328 yd); [moving target] 200 m (219 yd) Muzzle velocity: 213 m/sec (700 fps) Rate of fire: [rapid] not exceed 5 rpm; [sustained] 1 rpm Ammunition type: Fixed, M-371A1 HEAT HEAT round penetration: 21.1 mm steel plate; 0.8 m reinforced concrete; 1.1 m packed earth Rangefinder: M103 telescope sight (3x magnification, 10° field of view) Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-30 107 mm Mortar Type: Heavy mortar Firearm action: Rifled, muzzle-loaded, high angle weapon Length: 152.4 cm (60") Length of barrel: Weight: [overall] 305 kg (675 lb) Bore diameter: 107 mm Crew: Max range: Max effective range: 6,800 m (7,434.67 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: [max] 18 rpm; [sustained] 3 rpm Ammunition type: HE Rangefinder: M-53 sight Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-29A1 81 mm Mortar Type: Medium mortar Firearm action: Muzzle-loaded, high angle weapon Length: 129.54 cm (51") Length of barrel: Weight: 55.1 kg (121.22 lb) Bore diameter: 81 mm (3.2") Crew: Squad leader, Gunner, Assistant Gunner + 2 Ammo Bearers Max range: 4,737 m (5,180 yd) Max effective range: 3,658.54 m (4,000 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: [max] 12 rpm for 2 min; [sustained] 3-5 rpm Traverse: approx. 19 turns (95 mils) right or left from center Elevation: approx. 800 to 1,511 mils Ammunition type: M-374/M-362 HE; M-375 WP Rangefinder: M-53 series (4x magnification fixed-focus, 10° field of view) Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-19 60 mm Mortar Type: Light mortar Firearm action: Muzzle-loaded, high angle weapon Length: Length of barrel: Weight: 19.19 kg (42.21 lb) Bore diameter: 60 mm Crew: Max range: Max effective range: Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: Ammunition type: Rangefinder: Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-224 60 mm Mortar Type: Light mortar Firearm action: Muzzle-loaded, gravity-fired or spring-load fired, high angle weapon Length: 101.6 cm (40") Length of barrel: Weight: [conventional] 21.82 kg (48 lb); [hand-held] 8.18 (18 lbs) Bore diameter: 60 mm Crew: 3 Max range: Max effective range: [conventional] 3,490 m (3,815.73 yd); [hand-held] 1,340 m (1,465 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: [max] 18-30 rpm; [sustained] 8-20 rpm Ammunition type: HE, HEPD, WP, Illumination Rangefinder: M-64A1 sight unit Night gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: *************************** AFP Small Arms (Individual) *************************** M-203 40 mm Grenade Launcher Type: Grenade launcher Firearm action: Single-shot, Single action Length: [with M-16] 9.9 cm (3.9") Length of barrel: 3.05 cm (12") Weight: [unloaded] 1.36 kg (3 lb); [loaded] 1.6 kg (3.5 lb); [with M-16, loaded] 5.0 kg (11 lb) Bore diameter: 40 mm Max range: 400 m (437.33 yd) Max effective range: 150 m (160 yd) Muzzle velocity: 76 m/sec (250 fps) Rate of fire: 5-7 rpm Feed system: Ammunition type: 40 x 46 mm Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-79 40 mm Grenade Launcher Type: Semi-automatic grenade launcher Firearm action: Single-shot, breech loaded Length: 73.7 cm (29") Length of barrel: 35.5 cm (13.98") Weight: [unloaded] 2.72 kg (6 lb); [loaded] 8.1 kg (17.81 lb) Bore diameter: 40 mm (1.57") Max range: 400 m (437 yd) Max effective range: [point target] 150 m (164 yd); [area target] 350 m (383 yd) Min safe firing distance: 31 m (34 yd) Muzzle velocity: 76 m/sec (250 fps) Chamber pressure: 211 kg/cm² (3,000 psi) Rate of fire: [max eff] 5-7 rpm Feed system: Breech loaded, 1 round Ammunition type: 40 mm low-velocity grenades Rangefinder: Front blade-type, adjustable folding-leaf rear iron sight Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: M-2 'Browning' 12.7 mm (0.50 cal) HB Heavy machine gun Type: Fully automatic, heavy machine-gun Firearm action: Recoil-operated; short recoil Length: 165.28 cm (65.07") Length of barrel: 11.40 cm (44.88") Weight: [MG only] 37.88 kg (83.33 lb); [with tripod] 57.73 kg (127.8 lb) Bore diameter: 12.7 mm (0.50") Max range: [on stable mount] 7,000 m (4.2 mi) Max effective range: [normal] 1,825.61 m (1996 yd); [anti-aircraft] 750 m (820 yd) Muzzle velocity: 930 m/sec (3,050 fps) Rate of fire: [cyclic] 450 rpm Feed system: Belt-fed Ammunition type: 12.7 x 99 mm Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: Saco Defense/US Ordnance M-60 7.62 mm Light machine gun Type: General purpose machine-gun Firearm action: Gas-operated, open bolt Length: 110.5 cm (43.5") Length of barrel: 5.60 cm (22") Weight: [gun only] 10.4 kg (23 lb); [w/ bipod] 10.45 kg (23 lb); [w/ tripod] 16.77 kg (36.9 lb) Bore diameter: 7.62 mm (0.30") Max range: 3,725 m (4,075 yd) Max effective range: [bipod, point target] 600 m (656 yd); [bipod, area target] 800 m (875 yd); [bipod, moving target] 219 m (200 yd); [bipod, point target] 800 m (875 yd); [tripod, area target] 1,100 m (1,203 yd) Muzzle velocity: 853 m/sec (2,800 fps) Rate of fire: [cyclic] 550 rpm; [rapid] 200 rpm; [sustained] 100 rpm Feed system: Belt-fed, 100 round bandolier Ammunition type: 7.62 mm x 51 mm NATO Rangefinder: Optical Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: ST Kinetics Ultimax 100 Type: Light machine-gun Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: [with buttstock] 102.4 cm (40.31"); [without buttstock] 81.0 cm (31.89") Length of barrel: 50.8 cm (20") Weight, with full magazine: [100 round drum magazine] 6.8 kg (14.96 lb); [empty] 4.9 kg (10.78 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") NATO Max range: Max effective range: [M193 ammo] 460 m (502.93 yd); [M855 ammo] 800 m (874.67 yd) Muzzle velocity: [M193 ammo] 970 m/sec; [M855 ammo] 945 m/sec Rate of fire: 400-600 rpm Feed system: Drum magazine, 100 round capacity or [M-16] Magazine, 30 round capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO; M193, M855 Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: Fabrique Nationale Herstal M-249 'Mini-mitrailleuse' Squad Automatic Weapon Type: Light machine gun Firearm action: Gas operated, open bolt Length: 103.8 cm (40.87") Length of barrel: 46.5 cm (18") Weight, with full magazine: [30 round] 7.37 kg (16.21 lb); [200 round] 10.0 kg (22 lb); [empty, with bipod] 6.9 kg (15 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") Max range: 3,600 m (2.23 mi) Max effective range: [area target] 1,000 m (1,093.33 yd); [point target] 600 m (656 yd) Muzzle velocity: [cyclic] 725 rpm; [sustained] 85 rpm Rate of fire: [Belt-fed] 725 rpm; [Magazine-fed] 1,000 rpm Feed system: M-27 Disintegrating belt, 200 round capacity or [M-16] Magazine, 30 round capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: $4,087 Program: M-4 Carbine Type: Selective-fire carbine Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: [stock retracted] 75.7 cm (29.8"); [stock extended] 83.8 cm (33") Length of barrel: 36.83 cm (14.5") Weight, with full magazine: [30 round magazine] 3.0 kg (6.6 lb); [empty] 2.52 kg (5.56 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") Max range: Max effective range: 360 m (393 yd) Muzzle velocity: 905 m/sec (2,970 fps) Rate of fire: 700-950 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 20-30 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: M-14A1 7.62 mm Rifle Type: Selective-fire rifle Firearm action: Gas-operated, rotating bolt Length: 112.12 cm (44.14") Length of barrel: 55.88 cm (22") Weight, with full magazine: 6.59 kg (14.5 lb); [empty] 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) Bore diameter: 7.62 mm (0.308") Max range: Max effective range: 460 m (500 yd) Muzzle velocity: 850 m/sec (2,800 fps) Rate of fire: 700-750 rpm Feed system: Magazine, 20 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 7.62 x 51 mm NATO Rangefinder: Rear peep, front blade metric Night Gunsight: Unit cost: $576 Program: Colt M-16A1 5.56 mm Assault Rifle Type: Selective fire assault rifle Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: 100.66 cm (39.63"); [with bayonet] 112.4 cm (44.25") Length of barrel: [without flash suppressor] 50.8 cm (20"); [with flash suppressor] 53.34 cm (21") Weight, with full magazine: 3.99 kg (8.78 lb); [with bipod, M-3 and case] 21.1 kg (9.58 lb); [with bayonet, M-7 and scabbard, M-8A1] 21.3 kg (9.68 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (.223") Max range: 3,600 m (3,936 yd) Max effective range: 550 m (600 yd) Muzzle velocity: 853 m/sec (2,800 fps) Rate of fire: [cyclic] 750-900 rpm; [max, semi-automatic] 65 rpm; [max, automatic] 200 rpm; [max, sustained] 15 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 20 or 30 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO Ball, Tracer Rangefinder: Front adjustable clock-type post, adjustable rear flip-type Night Gunsight: Unit cost: $586 Program: Stery Mannlicher 'Armee Universal Gewehr' (AUG) Assault Rifle Type: Assault rifle Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: 79 cm (31.1") Length of barrel: 50.8 cm (20") Weight, with full magazine: [empty] 3.6 kg (7.92 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") Max range: Max effective range: 500 m (550 yd) Muzzle velocity: 992 m/sec (3,255 fps) Rate of fire: 650 rpm Feed system: Magazine, 30 or 42 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO Ball, Tracer Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: IMI Galil 5.56 mm ARM Rifle Type: Assault rifle Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: 97.9 cm (38.54") Length of barrel: 46 cm (18.11") Weight: [empty] 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) Bore diameter: 5.56 mm (0.223") Max range: Max effective range: 450 m (492 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: 650 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 35 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 5.56 x 45 mm NATO Rangefinder: Tritium illuminated night sights Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: M-1A1 Cal. 30 'Garand' Rifle Type: Semi-automatic rifle Firearm action: Gas operated, rotating bolt Length: [without bayonet] 110.74 cm (43.6") Length of barrel: 61 cm (24") Weight, with full magazine: 4.32 kg (9.5 lb); [with bayonet and sling] 24.2 kg (11 lb) Bore diameter: 7.62 mm (0.30") Max range: 3,201.21 m (3,500 yd) Max effective range: 457 m (500 yd) Muzzle velocity: 865 m/sec (2,837 fps) Rate of fire: [max] 16-32 rpm; [sustained] 16 rpm Chamber pressure: 50,000 psi Feed system: "En bloc" clip, 8 rounds capacity Ammunition type: 0.30-06 Springfield (7.62 × 63 mm) M-2 Ball/AP; 0.276 Pedersen or 7.62 × 51 mm NATO Rangefinder: Aperture rear sight, barleycorn-type front sight (70.9 cm sight radius) Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: Program: Heckler & Koch MP-5K Submachine-gun Type: Selective fire submachine-gun Firearm action: Roller delayed-blowback, closed bolt Length: 32.5 cm (12.8") Length of barrel: 22.5 cm (8.85") Weight, with full magazine: Bore diameter: 9 mm Max range: Max effective range: 200 m (219 yd) Muzzle velocity: 270 m/sec (886 fps) Rate of fire: 800 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 15 or 30 round capacity Ammunition type: 9 x 19 mm Parabellum Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: $800 Program: Floro MK-9 Type: Submachine-gun Firearm action: Roller delayed-blowback, closed bolt Length: [stock extended] 64.5 cm (25.39"); [stock folded] 46 cm (18.11") Length of barrel: 16.8 cm (6.61") Weight, with full magazine: 3.2 kg (7.04 lb); [empty] 3.18 kg (6.996 lb) Bore diameter: 9 mm Max range: Max effective range: 100 m (109.33 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: 800-850 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 25 or 32 round capacity Ammunition type: 9 x 19 mm Luger Rangefinder: Fixed front sight, adjustable rear sight Night Gunsight: Unit cost: $700 Program: IMI Uzi Submachinegun Type: Submachine-gun Firearm action: Blowback, open bolt Length: [stock extended] 65.0 cm (25.59"); [stock folded] 47 cm (18.5") Length of barrel: 16.8 cm (6.61") Weight, with full magazine: 4 kg (8.8 lb); [empty] 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) Bore diameter: 9 mm Max range: Max effective range: 100 m (109.33 yd) Muzzle velocity: 400 m/sec (1,310 fps) Rate of fire: 600 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50 round capacity Ammunition type: 9 mm Parabellum Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: M-3A1 'Greasegun' Type: Submachine-gun Firearm action: Blowback operated Length: [stock folded] 74.5 cm (29.3"); [stock folded] 57 cm (22.4") Length of barrel: 20.3 cm (8") Weight, with full magazine: 3.2 kg (7.04 lb); [empty] 3.18 kg (6.996 lb) Bore diameter: 11.43 mm (0.45") Max range: 695 m (760 yd) Max effective range: 50 m (55 yd) Muzzle velocity: 280 m/sec (920 fps) Rate of fire: 350-460 rpm Feed system: Detachable box magazine, 30 round capacity Ammunition type: 0.45 ACP, M-1911 Ball Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: Barrett M-95 12.7 mm Heavy Sniper Rifle Type: Anti-material sniper rifle Firearm action: Bolt-action Length: Length of barrel: Weight, with full magazine: Bore diameter: 12.7 mm Max range: Max effective range: 1,000 m plus (1093.33 yd plus) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: Feed system: Magazine, 5 round capacity Ammunition type: M2 AP, M8 API Rangefinder: Night Gunsight: Unit cost: Program: Remington 700P 7.62 mm Sniper Rifle Type: Intermediate-range day-night scout sniper rifle Firearm action: Bolt-action Length: Length of barrel: 66.04 cm (26") Weight, with full magazine: Bore diameter: 7.62 mm Max range: Max effective range: 1,000 m (1,093.33 yd) Muzzle velocity: Rate of fire: Feed system: Ammunition type: match-grade 168 grain BTHP or M118LR 175 grain (Long range) Rangefinder: Aurora 8010 day-night optical sight, with 2.5 x 10 magnification, a 56 mm objective lens, and ¼ MOA clicks. Night Gunsight: Aurora 8010 day-night optical sight, with 2.5 x 10 magnification, a 56 mm objective lens, and ¼ MOA clicks. Unit cost: Program: M-1911A1 Colt 0.45 cal Semi-automatic Pistol Type: Semi-automatic pistol Firearm action: Recoil-operated, closed bolt Length: 21.91 cm (8.62"); [government models] 12.7 cm (5.03") Length of barrel: 12.78 cm (5.03"); [Commander model] 10.8 cm (4.25"); [Officer's ACP model] 8.9 cm (3.5") Weight, with full magazine: 1.36 kg (2.99 lb); [empty] 1.1 kg (2.44 lb) Bore diameter: 11.43 mm (0.45") Max range: 1,500 m (1,640 yd) Max effective range: 50 m (55 yd) Muzzle velocity: 253 m/sec (830 fps) Rate of fire: Feed system: Magazine, 7 rounds capacity + 1 round in chamber Ammunition type: 0.45 ACP, M-1911 Ball Rangefinder: Blade-type front sight integral with slide, notched bar rear sight dovetailed to slide (16.5 cm sight radius) Night Gunsight: None Unit cost: [bare] $250; [high-end, tactical variant] $3,000 Program: M-18A2 Claymore Mine Type: Anti-personnel land mine, directional, command detonated Dimensions: 22.5 cm x 10.5 cm x 4 cm (8.9" x 4.13" x 1.6") Weight: 1 kg (2.2 lb) Effective range: 100 m (109.33 yd) Lethal zone: 60° frontal arc, 50 m radius, 2 m height Fragmentation: 770 steel balls Explosive filler: C4 or equivalent Unit cost: Program: A directional, fixed fragmentation mine remotely controlled, for use against massed infantry attacks and for defending bivouac areas and outposts. One set consists of M-18A2 mine, electric blasting cap, wire assembly, electronic tester/firing device with two 9V batteries and bandolier. Manufactured locally by FIC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Disclaimer: The information presented on this page are unofficial and is a result of hours worth of researching, and a rigorous and intensive process of compiling the best information from canon sources, making an attempt to fill in the blanks. Some content copyright © 1991-2006 by their respective publishers and BakaInu Design Bureau. All Rights Reserved. Most of the sources comes from Jane's All the World's Aircraft, Jane's Fighting Ships, Jane's Weapon Systems, hazegray.org, fas.org, militaryfactory.com, globalsecurity.org, hueybravo.net, timawa.net, en.wikipedia.org, and other numerous canon sources including various periodicals, major Philippine dailies, and defense-related publications and books, manufacturer's data sheets and the official AFP publications and websites. For comments, suggestions, questions, grievances and/or violent reactions, email the webmaster at kalasagnglahi@yahoo.com with the heading, AFPMTDS or your mail will be ignored. Website http://www.geocities.com/kalasagnglahi, Version 2.102006, maintained by sumomo. Last modified on 10/20/06.